تدریس

بخشیدن، آمرزیدن

amplify
augment, deepen شدت یا عمق بخشیدن
abject despicable, servile

پست، خفیف، رقت انگیز

alleviate
abate, relieve کاهیدن، تسکین دادن
admonish counsel, reprove

سرزنش کردن، انتقاد کردن

abate
moderate, decrease کاستن، کم شدن
adherent follower, disciple

تابع، پیرو

abound
flourish, proliferate فراوان بودن، وفور داشتن
awkward rude, blundering

سخت و زحمت دار، معذب کننده

abortive
vain, unproductive بی ثمر

abolish
abrogate, annul

ملغی کردن
allay pacify, soothe

تلطیف کردن، نرم کردن

alien
foreigner, outsider بیگانه
acumen awareness, brilliance

تیزهوشی، فراست

authentic
accurate, credible موثق، معتبر
accord agreement, harmony

آکورد، هماهنگی، هارمونی

adhere
comply, observe قبول و پیروی کردن
axiom adage, truism

حقیقت آشکار، اصل

arraign
incriminate, indict احضار کردن
audacity boldness, courage

بی پروایی، جرئت

ascend
climb, escalate بالا رفتن
adversity misfortune, calamity

بدبختی، فلاکت

adamant
stubborn, inflexible یک دنده، غیرمنعطف
acrimony harshness, bitterness

تندی، شدت

adjunct
joined, added الحاقی، ضمیمه
abash disconcert, rattle

دستپاچه یا شرمنده کردن

abjure
forsake, renounce عهد شکستن، برائت جستن
allure entice, fascinate

جذب کردن، شیفتن
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف B شروع میشود


کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
busy active, engaged

مشغول، درگیر

bustle
commotion, tumult شلوغی، هیاهو
brittle breakable, crisp

شکننده

bold
adventurous بی باک، جسورانه، ماجراجو
boisterous clamorous, rowdy

پرسروصدا (معمولا به شکل منفی)

blunt
dull, insensitive کرخت، بی حس
bleak grim, austere

پوچ، غم انگیز

bind
predicament بدبختی، شرایط سخت
bewitching alluring, charming

خوش آمدنی، افسونگر

benign
favorable, friendly دوست داشتنی، نیکو
benevolent benign, generous

نیک سرشت، خوب

befogged
becloud, dim مبهم، مختل
bawdy erotic, coarse

اروتیک

batty
insane, silly احمق، دیوانه
base vulgar, coarse

ناهنجار

barrier
barricade, obstacle مانع
barren desolate, sterile

بی ثمر، تهی

baroque
florid, gilt باروک، دارای طلاکاری و گلگون
barbarous frustrate, perplex

وحشی، گیج و بهت زده

baffle
astound, faze

مبهوت کردن
بیشتر بخوانید:کلمات متضاد انگلیسی
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف C شروع میشود
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
comic clown, jester

دلقک، مضحک، خنده دار

consequence
effect, outcome پیامد
compassion kindness. Sympathy

همدلی، همدردی

creation
formation, foundation ایجاد، پایه، شکل گیری
cunning acute, smart

زیرک، حقه باز، باهوش

contrary
dissimilar, conflicting مغایر، مخالف
captivate beguile, bewitch

اسیر کردن، افسون کردن

catholic
generic, liberal لیبرال، روشن فکر
cease terminate, desist

متوقف کردن

consent
agree, permit موافقت کردن، اجازه دادن
cement plaster, mortar

گچ، سیمان

conceit
egotism, immodesty خودرایی، غرور، خودپسندی
comprise include, contain

شامل شدن، تشکیل شده بودن از

callous
obdurate, unfeeling سنگدل، بی عاطفه
consolidate centralize, fortify

یکپارچه کردن، محکم ساختن

celebrated
acclaimed, lionized ستوده، مشهور
calm harmonious, unruffled

آرام، هماهنگ

cheap
competitive, inexpensive ارزان
chastise

punish, admonish


تنبیه کردن، مجازات کردن
consolidate solidify, strengthen

یکپارچه کردن، تقویت کردن، محکم ساختن

condemn
castigate, chide محکوم کردن
calamity adversity, misfortune

سانحه، بدبختی، فلاکت

contradict
deny, oppose تضاد داشتن
camouflage cloak, disguise

استتار کردن

contempt
scorn, disregard اهانت، تحقیر
captivate charm, fascinate

افسون کردن، اغوا کردن، جذب کردن

calculating
canny, devious حسابگر، زیرک
concur approve, agree

موافق بودن، هم جهت بودن

clandestine
covert, furtive مخفی، پوشیده
compact bunched, thick

فشرده، ضخیم

compress
abbreviate, shrink فشرده کردن، متراکم کردن
carnal earthly, fleshly

زمینی، مادی

censure
rebuke, reprimand سرزنش و انتقاد شدید کردن
calumny defamation, aspersion

رسوایی، هتک حرمت، بدنامی

courtesy
generosity, reverence شعور و ادب
confident bold, undaunted

جسور و محکم

conspicuous
prominent, obvious آشکار، مشهود
concord agreement, accord

توافق، پیمان، موافقت

captivity
imprisonment, confinement اسارت، گرفتاری
candid blunt, bluff

رک و بی پرده

coarse
bawdy, boorish زشت و قبیح
concede yield, permit

واگذار کردن، اذعان کردن

chaste
virtuous, pure خالص، نیکو، بی شیله پیله
capable competent, able

توانا

classic
simple, typical

کلاسیک، ساده
مترادف کلماتی که با حرف D شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی

dissuade
remonstrate, counsel باز داشتن، منصرف کردن
denounce blame, boycott

سرزنش کردن، بایکوت کردن

destructive
catastrophic, pernicious مخرب، فاجعه بار
decipher interpret, reveal

رمزگشایی کردن، فاش کردن

deceit
deception, artifice فریب، حیله، خدعه
deride mock, taunt

تمسخر کردن، دست انداختن

decay
collapse, decompose فساد، خرابی، زوال
docile pliable, pliant

نرم خو، تسلیم شونده، فرمان پذیر

defile
contaminate, pollute آلاییدن، آلوده کردن
deliberate cautious, intentional

عمدی، تعمدی، آگاهانه

dense
opaque, piled مات، مبهم، کدر
defray spend, pay

تسویه کردن، پرداختن

deprive
despoil, divest محروم کردن، سلب کردن
derogatory sarcastic, critical

گستاخانه، بی ادبانه

dwarf
diminutive, petite کوچک، خرد
disdain detest, despise

اهانت، تحقیر کردن، نفرت داشتن

demolish
ruin, devastate نابود کردن
despair depression, misery

بدبختی، بیچارگی
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف E شروع میشود
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
eclipse diminution, dimming

افول، کاهش در اندازه یا میزان یا اهمیت

encumbrance
hindrance, obstacle بار، مانع، چیزی که شخصی یا چیزی را عقب نگه می دارد
eager keen, acquisitive

مشتاق، علاقه مند

equivocal
uncertain, hazy مبهم
eccentric strange, abnormal

غیرعادی، عجیب و غریب

epitome
precise, example نمونه، مثال
enormous colossal, mammoth

بزرگ، عظیم

eloquence
expression, fluency شیوایی، فصاحت، روانی
ecstasy delight, exultation

شادی و شعف

eradicate
destroy, exterminate حذف کردن، نابود کردن
efface destroy, obliterate

نابود کردن

endeavor
undertake, aspire

تلاش کردن، عهده دار شدن
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف F شروع میشود
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی

frugality
economy, providence صرفه جویی، اقتصادی بودن
feud strife, quarrel

دعوا، درگیری

frivolous
petty, worthless بیهوده، بی معنی
frantic violent, agitated

آشفته، عصبانی و خشن، بهم ریخته

fragile
weak, infirm ضعیف، شکننده
fluctuate deflect, vacillate

نوسان کردن، بالا و پایین رفتن

ferocious
cruel, fierce خشمگین، وحشی
feeble weak, frail

ضعیف و شکننده

fanatical
narrow-minded, biased تندرو، جبه دار، کسی که تبعیض قائل می شود
falter stumble, demur

لغززیدن، تزلزل پیدا کردن

fallacy
delusion, mistake غلط، کاذب، اشتباه
forsake desert, renounce

رها کردن، ترک کردن

fabricate
construct, produce

ساختن، تولید کردن
مترادف کلمات انگلیسی که با حرف G شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
gloomy bleak, cloudy

غم افزا

genuine


absolute, factual
واقعی، حقیقی
gather converge, huddle

جمع آوردن، گرد آوردن

glut
stuff, satiate پرکردن، اشباع کردن
guile cunning, deceit

زیرکی، مکر و حیله

gracious
courteous, beneficent باوقار، بزرگ منش
grisly disgusting, atrocious

وحشتناک، مهیب، ترسناک

gloom
obscurity, darkness غم و اندوه، تاریکی
glory dignity, renown

شکوه و جلال، وقار

gorgeous
magnificent, dazzling فریبنده، دوست داشتنی
grudge hatred, aversion

کینه، تنفر

generosity
altruism, bounty

سخاوت
کلمات هم معنی انگلیسی که با حرف H شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
honor adoration, reverence

حرمت، شرف و افتخار

humility
resignation, fawning تواضع
harass irritate, molest

اذیت و آزار کردن

hideous
frightful, shocking زشت و زننده، شوکه کننده و ترسناک
hypocrisy deception, pharisaism

دورویی

humble
meek, timid متواضع، محفوظ به حیا
hamper retard, prevent

پیشگیری کردن، مانع شدن

harmony
conformity, amicability هماهنگی، یکپارچگی
hapless unfortunate, ill-fated

بدشانس، بد اقبال

hazard
peril, danger خطر، ناملایمت
hasty abrupt, impetuous

عجولانه، ناگهانی

haughty
arrogant, pompous متکبر و خودخواه
hamstring cripple, debilitate

از کار انداختن، فلج کردن

heretic
non-conformist, secularist

خلاف اندیش، دگراندیش
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف I شروع میشود
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
impartial just, unbiased

منصف، بی طرف

immaculate
exquisite, impeccable معصوم، منزه
immense huge, enormous

عظیم، بزرگ

infernal
damned, accurse ملعون
inevitable unavoidable, ascertained

اجتناب ناپذیر، مقدر

insinuate
allude, hint تلقین کردن، به شکل ناخودآگاه القا کردن
insipid tasteless, vapid

بی مزه

impair
diminish, deteriorate ناقص کردن، کاستن، کم کردن
imminent impending, brewing

حتمی، غریب الوقوع

ingenuous
undisguised, naive صاف و ساده، ساده لوح
irrepressible irresistible, unconfined

مهارناپذیر، غیرقابل کنترل

invective
accusation, censure دشنام، اتهام زدن
immerse submerge, involve

داخل کردن، غرق در … کردن

inclination
disposition, affection تمایل، سرشت
incongruous inappropriate, absurd

نامناسب، ناجور

indigent
destitute, impoverished بی چیز، بسیار فقیر
indifferent equitable, haughty

بی تفاوت

impediment
hurdle, obstruction مانع، جلودار
infringe violate, encroach

تخطی کردن، تخلف کردن

instill
inculcate, inject تلقین کردن، القا کردن، تزریق کردن
impulsive flaky, impetuous

ناگهانی، حساب نشده

insolvent
indigent, destitute بی پول، کسی که هشتش گرو نهش باشد
invincible unconquerable, impregnable

شکست ناپذیر

immunity
prerogative, privilege مصونیت، مزیت و امتیاز و برتری
intricate tangled, complicated

پیچیده، غامض

impious
irreligious, unholy خدانشناس، نامقدس، بی خدا
impenitent uncontrite, obdurate

ناپشیمان

interesting
enchanting, riveting جالب
intrinsic genuine, fundamental

اصلی، اصل، حقیقی

insipid
tedious, prosaic بی روح، بی مزه، خسته کننده
incompetent inefficient, unskilled

بی کفایت، کم بازده

impute
attribute, ascribe نسبت دادن
intrigue scheme, conspiracy

دسیسه، توطئه، فتنه

immaculate
unsullied, spotless

پاک، منزه
مترادف کلماتی که با حرف J شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
jubilant rejoicing, triumphant

فرخنده، شادمان، سرمست (از پیروزی)

judicious
thoughtful, prudent مصلحت اندیش، با تدبیر، دارای قوه قضاوت
jaded tired, exhausted

خسته

just
honest, impartial منصف، بی طرف
juvenile young, tender

جوان، کم سن

jovial
frolicsome, cheerful خوش گذران، سبک روح، خوشحال
jejune dull, boring

خسته کننده، کسل کننده

justify
defend, exculpate

توجیه کردن، دفاع کردن
مترادف کلماتی که با حرف K شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
knotty complicated, difficult

در هم، پیچیده

knell
death knell, last blow ناقوس، ناقوس عزا
knave dishonest, scoundrel

رند، حیله گر

kindred
relation, species همانند، هم نوع
keen sharp, poignant

تیز
کلمات هم معنی انگلیسی با حرف L شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی

luscious
palatable, delicious خوشمزه، لذیذ
lure attract, entice

جذب کردن، فریفتن

lunacy
delusion, insanity دیوانگی
lucid sound, rational

منطقی، واضح و شفاف

linger
loiter, prolong درنگ کردن
liberal magnanimous, generous

لیبرال، آزاد و رها

liable
accountable, bound مسئول
lenient compassionate, merciful

مهربان، رحیم، دلسوز

lax
slack, careless بی دقت، اهمال کار، سهل انگار
lavish abundant, excessive

فراوان، ولخرج

languid
sluggish, apathetic

سست و بی حال، تنبل
بیشتر بخوانید:افعال زبان انگلیسی
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف M شروع میشود
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی

mandatory
imperative, requisite الزامی
monotonous irksome, tedious

یکنواخت، خسته کننده

malice
vengefulness, grudge کینه، بدخواهی
munificent liberal, hospitable

سخاوتمند، بخشنده

molest
harass, tease اذیت و آزار کردن
mitigate alleviate, relieve

تلطیف کردن، سبک ساختن

mutual
joint, identical دوطرفه، یکسان، مشابه
mutinous recalcitrant, insurgent

متمرد، سرکش

miraculous
marvelous, extraordinary معجزه آسا، فراطبیعی
momentous notable, eventful

مهم، قابل توجه

mollify
appease, assuage فرو نشاندن، تلطیف کردن
modest humble, courteous

متواضع، افتاده، با حیا

masculine
gallant, strapping آقامنش، مردانه
merit stature, asset

شایستگی، استحقاق، سزاواری

morbid
nasty, macabre وحشتبار، چندش آور
murky dusky, dreary

تیره
مترادف کلماتی که با حرف N شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی

nullify
cancel, annul باطل، لغو، یا خنثی کردن
novice tyro, beginner

تازه کار، شاگرد، مبتدی

numerous
profuse, various متعدد
niggardly miser, covetous

طماع، خسیس، بخیل

nonchalant
indifferent, negligent بی تفاوت
nimble prompt, brisk

سریع، تند و تیز

noxious
baneful, injurious

مضر، صدمه زننده
مترادف کلماتی که با حرف O شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی

ominous
menacing, foreboding شوم، تهدیدآمیز
oracular cryptic, vague

گنگ، مبهم

obtain
access, inherit به دست آوردن، دست پیدا کردن
obstinate stubborn, adamant

کله شق، لجباز

ordain
order, impose منصوب کردن، گماشتن، دستور دادن
occult latent, ambiguous

مرموز، مبهم

outbreak
eruption, insurrection وقوع ناگهانی
obliging complaisant, willing

حرف شنو، سر به راه، مطیع، مایل

offspring
descendant فرزند، زاده
offensive abhorrent, obnoxious

توهین آمیز، برخورنده

opaque
obscure, shady مات، مبهم
obvious evident, apparent

مشخص، بدیهی

odious
malevolent, obnoxious نفرت انگیز، بد
outrage offence, maltreatment

خشم و برآشفتگی

obstruct
impede, prevent مانع شدن، پیشگیری کردن
ornamental decorative, adorned

تزئینی، دکوری

optimist
idealist خوشبین، مثبت نگر، ایده آلیست
obscure arcane, vague

محو و مبهم (کردن)
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف P شروع میشود
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
prudence vigilance, discretion

احتیاط، ملاحظه

propagate
inseminate, fecundate انتشار دادن، رواج دادن
prompt precise, punctual

سریع و بی درنگ (سر وقت)

progress
pace, betterment پیشرفت، بهبود
predicament plight, dilemma

مخمصه، بدبختی، شرایط سخت

precarious
doubtful, insecure پرمخاطره، نامطمئن
pompous haughty, arrogant

متکبر، پرافاده، پرنخوت

placid
tranquil, calm آرام، متین
perverse petulant, obstinate

کج خلق، گستاخ

perturbed
flustered, anxious نگران، آشفته
pertness flippancy, impudence

بی اهمیت یا بی ارزش بودن

persuade
cajole, impress قانع کردن، تحت تاثیر قرار دادن
peevish perverse, sullen

عبوس، اوقات تلخ، ترش رو

peerless
matchless, unrivalled بی همتا، بی رقیب
paramount foremost, eminent

برتر، سرآمد، بلندمرتبه

pamper
flatter, indulge لوس کردن، آسان گرفتن
pacify appease, chasten

آرام کردن
مترادف کلماتی که با حرف Q شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
quibble equivocate, prevaricate

بحث کردن، مبهم گویی، دوپهلو حرف زدن

quell
subdue, reduce فرونشاندن، کم کردن، تسکین دادن
quaint queer, strange

عجیب و غریب

quack
impostor, deceiver دکتر قلابی، کلاهبردار
quarantine seclude, screen

قرنطینه کردن
مترادف کلماتی که با حرف R شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
remnant residue, piece

تکه، باقی مانده

rapidity
quickness, velocity سرعت
redeem recover, liberate

آزاد کردن، رها کردن (از)

rustic
rural, uncivilized روستایی، نامتمدن
ruthless remorseless, inhumane

بی پروا

reluctant
cautious, averse بی میل، بی رغبت، مخالف
reason acumen, bounds

عقل و منطق

rout
vanquish, overthrow شکست دادن، منهدم کردن
raid incursion, foray

یورش، تهاجم، حمله

ravage
destroy, ruin از بین بردن، تار و مار کردن
resentment displeasure, wrath

خشم، غضب، دلخوری

remorse
regret, penitence پشیمانی، عذاب وجدان
reverence respect, esteem

احترام، تکریم، عزت

ratify
consent, approve اجازه دادن، تایید دادن
remonstrate censure, protest

اعتراض کردن

rectify
amend, remedy اصلاح کردن، درست کردن
retract recant, withdraw

عقب کشیدن، حرف خود را پس گرفتن

restrain
detain, confine حبس کردن، زندانی کردن، جلوی کسی را گرفتن
rescind annul, abrogate

لغو کردن، منسوخ کردن، فسخ کردن

rebellious
restless, attacking

تهاجمی، سرکش، یاغی
کلمات هم معنی انگلیسی که با حرف S شروع میشوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
succinct concise, terse

کوتاه، مختصر، موجز

slander
defame, malign تهمت زدن، افترا زدن
subsequent consequent, following

متعاقب، بعدی، آتی

solicit
entreat, implore تقاضا کردن، درخواست کردن، تمنا کردن
substantial considerable, solid

مهم و اساسی، قابل توجه

subterfuge
deceit, stratagem ترفند، حقه
sneer mock, scorn

مسخره کردن، نیشخند زدن

sterile
barren, impotent ناتوان، نازا، بایر
sacred cherished, divine

مقدس

sarcastic
ironical, derisive طعنه آمیز
stain blemish, tarnish

لکه دار کردن، ناقص و عیب دار کردن

servile
slavish, docile مطیع، بله قربان گو
startled frightened, shocked

ترسیده، غافلگیر شده، شوکه شده

spurious
fake, counterfeit فیک، تقلبی
shrewd cunning, craftly

زیرک، حقه باز، باهوش

spry
nimble, brisk چابک، تند و تیز
subvert demolish, sabotage

تار و مار کردن، به هم ریختن، نابود کردن

sporadic
intermittent, scattered متناوب، پراکنده
successful propitious, felicitous

موفق، مناسب

superficial
partial, shallow سطحی
sympathy tenderness, harmony

همدردی، همزادپنداری

system
scheme, entity سیستم، سامان
savage wild, untamed

وحشی، غیراهلی

Stupor
lethargy, unconsciousness گیجی، منگی
squalid dirty, filthy

کثیف، زننده

shabby
miserable, impoverished درب و داغان
scanty scarce, insufficient

کمتر از حد نیاز، ناکافی

saucy
impudent, insolent گستاخ، بی ادب
sublime magnificent, eminent

والا، متعالی، بزرگ

sycophant
parasite, flatterer چاپلوس، متملق
stranger immigrant, guest

غریب، غریبه
مترادف کلماتی که با حرف T شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
tedious wearisome, irksome

خسته کننده

taboo
prohibited, banned تابو، ممنوع
throng assembly, crowd

جمعیت، جماعت، گروه

tenacious
stubborn سرسخت، مصر، مصمم
taciturn reserved, silent

کم حرف، خاموش

thrifty
frugal, prudent صرفه جو، حسابگر، محتاط
terse incisive, compact

مختصر، کوتاه، موجز

tumultuous
violent, riotous پرهیاهو، پر سر و صدا
tremble vibrate

لرزیدن

transparent
diaphanous روشن، شفاف، مشخص
timid diffident, coward

خجالتی، سر به زیر

trivial
trifling, insignificant بی اهمیت، پیش پا افتاده
treacherous dishonest, duplicitous

خطرناک، ناامن، فریبکار

tranquil
peaceful, composed آرام، دارای آرامش، خونسرد
tenement apartment, digs

آپارتمان یا ساختمان اجاره ای

temperate
cool, moderate معتدل
tame(d) compliant, subdued

رام شده، تسلیم

transient
temporal, transitory موقتی، گذرا
tranquil amicable, calm

آرام

trenchant
assertive, forceful

نافذ، قاطع
مترادف کلماتی که با حرف U شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
urchin foundling, orphan

بچه خیابانی، یتیم، بچه بی صاحب

utterly
completely, entirely به شکل کامل، کاملا
urge incite, implore

تحریک کردن، درخواست کردن، وا داشتن به

umbrage
chagrin, offense دلخوری، آزردگی، بر خوردن
uncouth awkward, ungraceful

نامتمدن، بی ادب، چیپ
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف V شروع میشود
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
vilify malign, slur, defame

تهمت زدن، بدنام کردن

vivacious
spirited, energetic پرانرژی، سرحال
vivid eloquent, lucid

درخشان، روشن، واضح

vain
arrogant, egoistic مغرور، متکبر
valor bravery, prowess

شجاعت

vicious
corrupt, obnoxious خبیث، فاسد، بد
virtue ethic, morality

راستی و درستی، بااخلاقی، نیکی

venom
poison, malevolence سم، شر و بدی
venerable esteemed, honored

قابل احترام، محترم

vagrant
wander, roaming ولگرد، سرگردان
vouch confirm, consent

تایید کردن، اجازه دادن

vanity
conceit, pretension غرور و تکبر، دورویی
veteran ingenious, experienced

قدیمی و با تجربه، مجرب

vigilant
cautious, alert

هوشیار و با احتیاط
مترادف کلماتی که با حرف W، Y یا Z شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
wield exert, employ

به کار گرفتن، استفاده کردن

winsome
beautiful, comely جذاب، گیرا، زیبا
wane decline, dwindle

کاهش یافتن

wed
marry ازدواج کردن (با)
wan pale, faded

کم رنگ، ضعیف

waive
relinquish, remove دست کشیدن (از)، صرف نظر کردن
wilt wither, perish

پژمردن، سست شدن

wary
cautious, circumspect هشیار، آگاه، حواس جمع
wile trickery, artifice

حقه

wicked
vicious, immoral غیراخلاقی، خبیث
yoke connect, harness

وصل کردن، بستن

yield
surrender, abdicate تسلیم شدن، رها کردن، وا دادن
yearn languish, crave

طلبیدن، خواستن

yell
shout, shriek داد زدن
zig-zag oblique, wayward

زیگزاگ، مورب

zest
delight, enthusiasm اشتیاق، شوق و ذوق
zenith summit, apex

اوج، قله

zeal
eagerness, fervor

شور و اشتیاق
فایل PDF کلمات مترادف انگلیسی

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پاسخ

es in preference or life events such as
divorce or financial necessity, is estimated to account for
approximately 80% of recycled diamond volume today.
Given that no significant changes in the sale and purchase
rates of used diamond jewelry are anticipated, these
non-inheritance recycling drivers are likely to persist and
continue to fluctuate with the price of diamonds, albeit
with a limited incremental impact on the long-term supply
development through to 2033. Inheritance, on the other
hand, will grow as the initial generations who owned dia-
monds age. For instance, in Japan, individuals over age 60
possess more than half of the country’s diamonds; in the
US, the first generation of diamond engagement rings
(DER) at scale (the generation where >50% brides received
DER) could be inherited in the next 20 years, driving an
increase in the inheritance-based recycling volume.14
Yet, the proportion of diamonds removed from recycled
jewelry and sold “as new” has steadily declined in recent
years (compared to recycled pieces being sold “as is”), from
approximately 60% of the total recycled jewelry PWP value
in 2015 to approximately 30% in 2021.
This trend is expected to extend into the future, albeit at a
slowing pace, thus limiting the share impacting the dia-
mond supply chain. (See Exhibit 4.) The increased focus on
vintage pieces is driven by buyers and sellers alike. Sellers
can often capture more value from vintage jewelry than
removed stones. Reintroducing diamonds into the value
chain reduces their value by 30% to 40%,15 owing to costs
associated with the dealer margin, melting and logistics,
testing and proving authenticity, and recutting or polishing.
Once the stones enter the market, they must compete on
price with newly mined diamonds. In addition, unlike with
gold, there is no way to trade recycled stones and a lack of
transparency on the price of recycled stones. Buyers, on
the other hand, increasingly value the unique design,
affordability, and sustainability aspects offered by vintage
jewelry. This increases the value of vintage jewelry com-
pared to that of pure recycled material.
Finally, the trend is supported by an increasing number of
online consumer-to-consumer platforms that make trading
of secondhand vintage jewelry simpler. These channels are
highly sought after by vintage jewelry shoppers.
Source: BCG analysis.
Exhibit 3 - Pre-owned Diamond Jewelry Can Reenter the Value Chain in a Variety of Ways
14. De Beers Group; Japan Ministry of Finance Trade Statistics; BCG analysis, 2024.
15. Paul Zimnisky, “Recycling Could Save the Natural Industry,” 2019.
Jewelry piece
Sold or
traded in Recut and
polished
Re-entry into diamond supply chain
Left
intact
Reasons to sell
• Inheritance
• Financial need
• Change of preference
• Divorce
• Other
Pre-owned
diamond
jewelry
Diamond
separated from
frame material
Vintage jewelry
(piece remains
intact)
New jewelry,
with recycled "as
new" stone
New jewelry,
with recycled "as
new" stone
Diamond THE FUTURE OF THE NATURAL DIAMOND INDUSTRY 9
Overall, the impact of recycled diamonds on supply in terms
of PWP value is expected to remain stable, contributing less
than 10% of the supply of natural polished diamonds. Total
recycled diamond volume is forecasted to grow at a CAGR of
approximately 2% through to 2033, mostly driven by an
increase in inheritance across mature markets, as well as an
overall larger global “installed base” of diamonds to feed
recycling going forward. However, there will be a decreasing
share of diamonds removed from their settings and reenter-
ing the value chain compared to pieces resold on used
markets as vintage jewelry. This dynamic is reflected in the
supply forecast in this report.
Value Chain and Stock Levels
Stable Midstream inventories expected to remain,
while efficiency reduces Downstream inventory
Natural diamond inventories are held across all stages of
the diamond value chain at varying levels. Inventory man-
agement dynamics directly influence diamond price forma-
tion in the short term by impacting the immediate supply
availability. Midstream and downstream inventory levels
are particularly relevant as demand flows up through the
value chain.
Sources: De Beers; BCG analysis.
Exhibit 4 - Share of Vintage Sales out of All Recycled Diamond Pieces Forecast to Increase
68%
32%
74%
26%24%
2023 2033
Out of all recycled diamond pieces:
~30% of sold pieces are added back
into the supply chain "as new,"
removed from their current setting
Share trending down
Diamonds sold as used vintage diamond jewelry
Diamonds sold “as new"
~70% of sold pieces are resold on used
markets as vintage jewelry (especially
branded) or stand-alone stones
Share trending up 10 THE FUTURE OF THE NATURAL DIAMOND INDUSTRY
Midstream. In the short term, midstream inventories
fluctuate, largely driven by prevailing market conditions,
short-term views on the market outlook, and financing.
Longer term, structural midstream inventory levels are
dictated by the need to manage stock for operational pur-
poses. Although efficiency and scale gains in the midstream
have generally reduced stock levels from those observed in
the early 2000s, lead times for processing and sales require
cutters and polishers to generally maintain a minimum
inventory level. However, this floor is occasionally breached
in very sharp demand-recovery scenarios.
Downstream. Historically, retailers have held structurally
higher inventory levels than midstream players to ensure
that a wide range of products are available to consumers.
However, the growth of more efficient major brands and
retailers and the rise of online retail have reduced stock-to-
sales ratios, albeit at a slowing rate. While stock-to-sales ra-
tios could continue to decline, they are increasingly nearing
their technical inventory floor (for example, approximately
90 days for major brands), absent a fundamental change in
downstream industry structure.
Demand Drivers
Demand for diamonds over the long term is influenced
primarily by affordability, which is closely linked to key eco-
nomic fundamentals such as the growth of GDP and PDI.
Additionally, the desirability of diamonds, both within the
jewelry sector and relative to other nonessential goods and
experiences, plays a significant role.
Historical data shows a close correlation between the de-
mand for luxury goods, includ

Sill, Cathryn. About Habitats: Deserts. Atlanta: Peachtree, 2007. Following the pattern in her
About . . . animal series, the author provides single sentences about some habitat feature
or how life can survive in that habitat, and follows this simple text with a detailed, full-
page, watercolor illustration of that feature. Plates are labeled with a specific location and
identification of the living things, with an afterword providing additional details.
Stockdale, Susan. Carry Me! Animal Babies on the Move. Atlanta: Peachtree, 2005. The
variety of ways animal parents carry their young are detailed in sparse text and colorful
illustrations. Text is rhythmic with good descriptive words (“gripped,” “nestled”). Acrylic pictures
are relatively simple yet provide sufficient detail for observation practice. A note at the end
identifies the specific animals and where they live.
Stockdale, Susan. Fabulous Fishes. Atlanta: Peachtree, 2008. Bright, textured, acrylic
illustrations draw attention to the fascinating world of fishes, salt- and freshwater. Alliterative
and rhyming text highlights the special characteristics of different species—large and small,
frilly and smooth, hidden and easily seen. Both text and pictures should generate vocabulary
and conversation about the similarities and differences in the fish. An identification note and
bibliography provide information for those who want more. 2008 NSTA Outstanding Science
Trade Books for Children
Stockdale, Susan. Nature’s Paintbrush: Patterns and Colors Around You. New York: Simon
& Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1999. Animal colors and patterns are beautiful to see,
but they also have particular use to animals. Each short entry begins with a question that
calls attention to some textural or pattern feature of a particular animal. Illustrations then
demonstrate its effectiveness. 2000 NSTA Outstanding Science Trade Books for Children
Stockland, Patricia M. Red Eyes or Blue Feathers: A Book about Animal Colors. Minneapolis,
MN: Picture Window Books, 2005. Text on two levels and bright digital illustrations describe
how color adaptations make surviving in the wild much easier, whether you are predator or
prey. A review page, fun facts, glossary, index, and bibliography at the end add to the value of
the book. 2006 NSTA Outstanding Science Trade Books for Students K-12
Swinburne, Stephen R. Safe, Warm, and Snug. San Diego, CA: Gulliver Books, 1999. The
title description applies to the way eleven animal parents keep their young from getting eaten
by predators. Some of the animals will be familiar to children, some new. Text is presented
in rhyming couplets, while double-page paintings demonstrate the safety systems within the
relevant habitat. Additional information is provided in the back of the book.
56
MESS® Recommended Books
Animals 1 Swinburne, Stephen R. Unbeatable Beaks. New York: Henry Holt, 1999. Lyrical text and eye-
catching paper-collage illustrations introduce young children to birds and beaks of a variety
of sizes, shapes, and colors. A glossary at the end provides additional information about the
pictured birds. NCTE Notable Children’s Books in the Language Arts
Vyner, Sue. Swim for Cover! Adventure on the Coral Reef. New York: Crown Publishers, 1995.
An octopus tries to warn other reef animals of the danger of a moray eel that is following
her. Each touts its particular defense mechanism. Colorful, watery illustrations add to the
suspense. Both illustrations and animal responses provide good conversation material. End
notes include more information about each of the featured animals and the coral reef where
they live.
Wallace, Karen.Tale of a Tadpole. New York: DK Publishing, 1998. Through simple text and
eye-catching full-color photographs, the author describes the growth and development of a
tadpole from egg to adult frog. Small inset boxes add more detail. Intended as a beginning
reader, good descriptive words like “webbed” and “dotted” increase young vocabularies. A
short picture word glossary at the back adds learner support.
Winer, Yvonne. Birds Build Nests. Watertown, MA: Charlesbridge, 2001. Beautifully detailed
illustrations and poetic text explain how, when, where, and why birds build nests. Each five-
line poem is accompanied by a full-page watercolor of an appropriate bird. A nest and bird
identification guide is included in the back of the book. Poems and pictures encourage both
observation and conversation. 2002 NSTA Outstanding Science Trade Book for Students K-12
Winer, Yvonne. Frogs Sing Songs. Watertown, MA: Charlesbridge Publishing, 2003. Short
verses, each ending with “that’s . . . frogs sing songs,” describe how, when, where, and why
frogs make sounds. Realistic full-page watercolors provide observation practice. The book
concludes with a gentle environmental message. Details about the specific frogs are included
in an identification guide in the back of the book.
World Wildlife Fund. Mothers and Babies. San Rafael, CA: Cedco Publishing, 1997. More
than 20 beautiful full-page photographs of an animal mother and baby are accompanied
only by words identifying the animal and the common name of its baby: mountain goat and
kid, penguin and chick, etc. Color and size comparisons between mother and young, and
among the various animals can be seen, although relative size among animals (because all
photographs are close-ups) is not obvious.
Wu, Norbert. Fish Faces. New York: Henry Holt, 1993. The marine biologist/author uses
photographs to introduce readers to some of the more striking characteristics of the creatures
encountered on his dives. Shapes, colors, movement, and even body parts build vocabulary.
57
MESS® Recommended Books
Animals 1 Other Recommended Books
Arnosky, Jim. Babies in the Bayou. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 2007. The author explains
that a bayou is a Southern waterway where freshwater mixes with the sea. But what lives
there? Simple text tells about alligator, turtle, raccoon, and duck families, and suggests the
sometimes adversarial relation between groups. Swampy-looking illustrations in greens, blues,
and browns provide detail beyond the animal families.
Arnosky, Jim.
I See Animals Hiding. New York: Scholastic, 1995. The author’s gentle but
detailed watercolor paintings effectively demonstrate the concept of camouflage. The text
looks substantial, but is well-coordinated with illustrations.1996 NSTA Outstanding Science
Trade Books for Children
Aston, Diane. An Egg Is Quiet. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books, 2006. Beautiful, delicately
colored ink and watercolor illustrations and informative text introduce readers to the variety
and wonder of eggs. Text is presented on two levels: first in larger, cursive handwriting with
fairly generic information, and then in a smaller, print caption with information about a specific
example. Birds, reptiles, fish, and insects are represented.
Banks, Kate. Close Your Eyes. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002. Looking for every
possible excuse not to go to sleep, the little tiger lists all the sights he will miss if he complies
with his mother’s request to close his eyes. She cites all the dreamy advantages of falling
asleep. Oil paintings in earthy colors add to the warm, protective feeling imparted by the
conversation between mother and baby tiger.
Benjamin, Cynthia. Footprints in the Snow. New York: Scholastic, 1994. This beginning reader
illustrates a variety of animal footprints in a snowy habitat. The destination for each animal is
its home—a den, hollow, or nest. The illustrations encourage conversation about tracks, animal
homes, and camouflage.
Brett, Jan. The Umbrella. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 2004. Carlos’s world is that of a lush
tropical forest with fascinating plants and animals. Curious young observers will enjoy both the
detail they can see and that Carlos seems oblivious to the drama going on around him.
Cannon, Janell. Stellaluna/Stelaluna. San Diego, CA: Harcourt, 1993. Following an owl
attack, a baby bat is separated from its mother and lands in a nest of three baby birds. Their
similarities and differences become obvious as mother bird cares for all four babies but insists
Stellaluna follow “bird rules.” Text is ample on some pages but moves quickly with the drama
that eventually reunites Stellaluna and her mother. Detailed bat and bird illustrations against
the day and night sky backgrounds promote discussion by themselves.
58
MESS® Recommended Books
Animals 1 Carle, Eric. Does a Kangaroo Have a Mother, Too?/El canguro tiene mama. New York:
Scholastic, 2000. Simple, repetitious text leads the reader to different animals and their
mothers, including dolphins, sheep, and lions. A reference at the end provides the correct
names of animal babies, parents, and groups. Animal mothers and their babies are pictured in
bright colors.
Carle, Eric. The Mixed-Up Chameleon. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1984. Not
appreciating its own camouflage adaptation skills, a bored chameleon imagines itself taking
on the obvious characteristics of several zoo animals. Its mixed-up state gets in the way of
catching dinner, however, until it wishes “to be myself.” The colorful illustrations of the special
adaptations of each animal make good discussion, especially now that scientists are less sure
about the purpose/triggering mechanism of the chameleon’s color change.
Chermayeff, Ivan, Catherine Chermayeff, and Nan Richardson. Scaly Facts. San Diego, CA:
Gulliver Books, 1995. Bold collage illustrations are paired with isolated facts about 15 different
reptiles. Preschoolers fascinated by turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, and tuataras may
enjoy poring over these pictures and the lone details might encourage conversation and further
study.
Cooper, Susan. Frog. New York: Margaret K. McElderry Books, 2002. A little boy learns to
swim by watching the movements of a small frog in his backyard pool and ultimately rescues
the little frog. The absence of an adult in some illustrations provides an opportunity to discuss
water safety.
Cotten, Cynthia. At the Edge of the Woods; A Counting Book. New York: Henry Holt, 2002.
At its most basic, this is a counting book. On closer look, however, life is busy for the animals
that live at the edge of the woods. The colorful illustrations deserve close observation. The
descriptive vocabulary (sassy, burly, perch, flutter) among the rhythmic text builds vocabulary
and listening skills. The surprise ending generates even more conversation.
Davies, Nicola. One Tiny Turtle. Cambridge, MA: Candlewick Press, 2001. From baby turtle to
mother of the next generation, this story tells about a loggerhead turtle’s life. Text is provided
on two levels—the larger tells the story and the smaller provides more detail. Blue and green
illustrations of water and beach habitats detail the drama from baby to adult.
Donaldson, Julia. Where’s My Mom? New York: Dial Books for Young Readers, 2000. A
butterfly tries to help a lost young monkey find its mother. The story shows the value of good
description, since the little monkey’s clues (all true but incomplete) keep leading to the wrong
conclusions on the well-meaning butterfly’s part. Before the happy ending, readers meet
several other animals and learn something about mammal vs. butterfly babies.
59
MESS® Recommended Books
Animals 1 Dorros, Arthur.
Animal Tracks. New York: Scholastic, 2001. Sometimes tracks tell observers
that an animal has been there when it has not been seen. Tracking requires close
observation, and the book’s clear illustrations and questioning text encourage children to
explore and compare. Sample tracks for large and small animals on the end papers invite
comparisons, too.
Dotlich, Rebecca Kai. What Is Science? New York: Henry Holt, 2006. The author answers her
title question by naming many of the subjects science studies. Brightly colored illustrations
show a group of enthusiastic children exploring each area, often with appropriate tools like
magnifiers and sketch pads in hand.
Ehlert, Lois. Top Cat. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1998. In simple rhyming text, an older
cat reacts negatively to the arrival of a cute new kitten in the house. Eventually cut-paper
illustrations and changing “sound” words in the margins show the two becoming friends.
Raised hair on the older cat suggests another form of communication.
Ehrlich, Fred. Does a Duck Have a Daddy? Maplewood, NJ: Blue Apple Books, 2004.
Every animal has a mother and father, but this book’s emphasis is on the parenting roles
of a variety of animal fathers, including insects, birds, fish, beavers, and humans. Colorful,
cartoon-like illustrations and accompanying text have sufficient detail to encourage
conversation. For classes where two-parent families are not the norm, teachers may want to
edit the final pages on humans.
Ehrlich, Fred. Does a Mouse Have a Mommy? Maplewood, NJ: Blue Apple Books, 2004.
Simple illustrations and appropriate text describe the parenting roles of animal mothers from
turtles and lizards (who abandon their eggs) to elephants and humans (who care for their
young over an extended period with other adult help). Although this book begins with the idea
that all animals have mothers and fathers, most children will be comfortable with the mother
role emphasized here even if they do live in a two-parent family.
Ehrlich, H.M. Dr. Duck and the New Babies. Maplewood, NJ: Blue Apple Books, 2005. The
baby-delivering Dr. Duck has a hard time getting a spare day in his garden when the various
goats, cows, and chickens in his neighborhood are expecting. The cartoon-like illustrations
are thoroughly humanized but fun, and the idea of parents caring for their young is prevalent.
The story may elicit questions about babies and birth.
Fleming, Denise. Time to Sleep. New York: Henry Holt, 1997. It is winter and that means
“sleeping” for a number of animals. Boldly colored, handmade paper illustrations and a gentle
story provide signs of winter. Pictures and text convey details of the homes and general
habitat of the animals.
60
MESS® Recommended Books
Animals 1 Fox, Paula. Traces. Asheville, NC: Front Street, 2008. “Something, someone was just
here.” More than footprints, traces are clues or signs of the presence of several animals, an
airplane, and the wind. And since wild animals seldom stand still for young children to see,
learning to observe the signs of their presence is useful. Great descriptive words like “wriggly,
squirming, slimy, and slippery” also provide clues. Subtle, yet nicely detailed illustrations in
earth tones encourage close observation.
Fraser, Mary Ann. Where Are the Night Animals? New York: HarperCollins, 1999. “The
summer moon rises over the hill.” This sets the scene for a description of several animals
appearing on a star-filled night. The story notes that some animals are active in the day and
some at night. While the text is ample, the descriptive explanation of the animal activities
is generally still appropriate. Illustrations, although set at night, are great scenes for
observation—even to the water dripping from the raccoon’s tail.
French, Jackie. Diary of a Wombat. New York: Clarion Books, 2002. An Australian wombat
that looks like a small bear tells its own story in brief segments. Eating, sleeping, digging
holes, scratching, and training humans are the main activities. Printed text is minimal,
sometimes single words. The illustrations are equally minimal but wonderful for encouraging
observation. Subtle humor appeals to older children and adults.
George, Jean Craighead. Morning, Noon, and Night. New York: HarperCollins, 1999. As the
position of the sun—the light—changes during the day, the activities of animals change, too.
Short poetic verses, each accompanied by paintings of an appropriate animal, tell about
the changes. Brief endnotes identify each animal and the general geographical area of the
painting.
Gregoire, Elizabeth. Whose House Is This? A Look at Animal Homes—Webs, Nests, and
Shells. Minneapolis, MN: Picture Window Books, 2005. Rhythmic questioning text and
collage picture clues invite the reader to decide which of eight animals belongs in the brightly
colored houses. Inset boxes, which can be edited, provide fun facts. Observation and
conversation opportunities abound.
Hammersmith, Craig. Kerplunk! Minneapolis, MN: Compass Point Books, 2002. The pond
habitat is home to various insects, frogs, turtles, birds, beavers, and even a mud puppy. The
text provides background information about how and why each animal lives at the pond.
Features like “Did you know?” boxes, Fun Facts, index and glossary can be deleted as
appropriate for group size/interests. Photographs of the animals encourage observation skills.
61
MESS® Recommended Books
Animals 1 Hickman, Pamela. A New Frog: My First Look at the Life Cycle of an Amphibian. Niagara
Falls, NY: Kids Can Press, 1999. A pond habitat hosts the birth of leopard frogs through their
complete metamorphic cycle. Using half-page flaps to open and a cumulative (ala “House that
Jack Built”) but short text, the small-book format is appropriate for individuals or very small
groups. Illustrations are finely detailed, but the relative size of people in backgrounds and
animals in foregrounds can sometimes be misleading.
Himmelman, John. A Salamander’s Life. New York: Children’s Press, 1998. Detailed earth-
tone illustrations and simple text follow a salamander through its life cycle, from eggs in a
pond and winter hibernation in a leafy burrow through spring mating. Information about the
spotted salamander at the beginning and a short glossary at the end add detail.
Hoberman, Mary Ann. A House Is a House for Me. New York: Viking Penguin, 1978. “But
once you get started in thinking...” Rhyming prose introduces the idea of houses for numerous
animals and plants and non-living things, too. Gentle colored illustrations provide lots of
details for careful observers. The lengthy poem can be edited for young children. 1983
National Book Award for Young People’s Literature
Horenstein, Henry. A Is for . . . ? San Diego, CA: Gulliver Books, 1999. This animal alphabet
book pairs sepia-colored photographs of single body parts of generally familiar animals with
letters A-Z, and readers are encouraged to identify the animals from this limited information.
The youngest readers may want to describe the body part only, while animal lovers can study
the animal represented.
Jenkins, Steve. Actual Size. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004. For young children who have
not seen the actual animal, its size is sometimes hard to imagine. Using paper collages, this
author provides actual, and sometimes comparative, body sizes (and formal measurements in
small type) for numerous animals. Sometimes the whole animal is larger than book-size, and
therefore only a body part is illustrated. The sizes and comparisons provide conversation and
measuring opportunities. Notes about the specific animals are added at the end.
Jenkins, Steve, and Robin Page. What Do You Do When Something Wants to Eat You?
New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1997. The author describes how various animals, including an
octopus, bombardier beetle, pangolin, and gliding frog, defend themselves against predators.
Limited text and earth-tone, cut-paper collages provide many observation and conversation
opportunities.
62
MESS® Recommended Books
Animals 1 Jeunesse, Gallimard. The Egg. New York: Scholastic, 1989. Beginning with the chicken egg
most children are familiar with, this author uses plastic overlays to show what eggs and the
animals that produce them look like outside and inside. Text in several sizes describes the
general process and provides additional information about egg-laying. Relative size of eggs
and animals should not be taken literally, but the small book’s format will be fascinating for
some children.
Jordan, Sandra. Frog Hunt. Brookfield, CT: Roaring Brook Press, 2002. Three boys (and
their mother, based on a hazy picture) go frog hunting at a nearby pond. In small tinted
photographs and simple text, their search results in seeing several other pond animals, but it
is not until late in the day that they find a frog. An easily overlooked author’s endnote explains
the “one-minute pond rule” in their family: animals must be returned where found within one
minute of capture. Additional information there provides background information about the
animals and kettle ponds.
Kalan, Robert. Jump, Frog, Jump! New York: HarperCollins, 1989. A cumulative tale with an
appealing refrain actually explains predation—with the frog both the predator and the prey.
A unexpected ending adds to the fun. Colorful almost-primitive illustrations with a touch of
foreshadowing are good for both observation and prediction practice.
Kawata, Ken. Animal Tails. New York: Kane/Miller Book Publishers, 2001. Written in a
guessing game format, this book suggest numerous ways animal tails are useful. Enough
clues are given in the tail-only text/illustration t

بخشیدن، آمرزیدن

amplify
augment, deepen شدت یا عمق بخشیدن
abject despicable, servile

پست، خفیف، رقت انگیز

alleviate
abate, relieve کاهیدن، تسکین دادن
admonish counsel, reprove

سرزنش کردن، انتقاد کردن

abate
moderate, decrease کاستن، کم شدن
adherent follower, disciple

تابع، پیرو

abound
flourish, proliferate فراوان بودن، وفور داشتن
awkward rude, blundering

سخت و زحمت دار، معذب کننده

abortive
vain, unproductive بی ثمر

abolish
abrogate, annul

ملغی کردن
allay pacify, soothe

تلطیف کردن، نرم کردن

alien
foreigner, outsider بیگانه
acumen awareness, brilliance

تیزهوشی، فراست

authentic
accurate, credible موثق، معتبر
accord agreement, harmony

آکورد، هماهنگی، هارمونی

adhere
comply, observe قبول و پیروی کردن
axiom adage, truism

حقیقت آشکار، اصل

arraign
incriminate, indict احضار کردن
audacity boldness, courage

بی پروایی، جرئت

ascend
climb, escalate بالا رفتن
adversity misfortune, calamity

بدبختی، فلاکت

adamant
stubborn, inflexible یک دنده، غیرمنعطف
acrimony harshness, bitterness

تندی، شدت

adjunct
joined, added الحاقی، ضمیمه
abash disconcert, rattle

دستپاچه یا شرمنده کردن

abjure
forsake, renounce عهد شکستن، برائت جستن
allure entice, fascinate

جذب کردن، شیفتن
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف B شروع میشود


کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
busy active, engaged

مشغول، درگیر

bustle
commotion, tumult شلوغی، هیاهو
brittle breakable, crisp

شکننده

bold
adventurous بی باک، جسورانه، ماجراجو
boisterous clamorous, rowdy

پرسروصدا (معمولا به شکل منفی)

blunt
dull, insensitive کرخت، بی حس
bleak grim, austere

پوچ، غم انگیز

bind
predicament بدبختی، شرایط سخت
bewitching alluring, charming

خوش آمدنی، افسونگر

benign
favorable, friendly دوست داشتنی، نیکو
benevolent benign, generous

نیک سرشت، خوب

befogged
becloud, dim مبهم، مختل
bawdy erotic, coarse

اروتیک

batty
insane, silly احمق، دیوانه
base vulgar, coarse

ناهنجار

barrier
barricade, obstacle مانع
barren desolate, sterile

بی ثمر، تهی

baroque
florid, gilt باروک، دارای طلاکاری و گلگون
barbarous frustrate, perplex

وحشی، گیج و بهت زده

baffle
astound, faze

مبهوت کردن
بیشتر بخوانید:کلمات متضاد انگلیسی
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف C شروع میشود
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
comic clown, jester

دلقک، مضحک، خنده دار

consequence
effect, outcome پیامد
compassion kindness. Sympathy

همدلی، همدردی

creation
formation, foundation ایجاد، پایه، شکل گیری
cunning acute, smart

زیرک، حقه باز، باهوش

contrary
dissimilar, conflicting مغایر، مخالف
captivate beguile, bewitch

اسیر کردن، افسون کردن

catholic
generic, liberal لیبرال، روشن فکر
cease terminate, desist

متوقف کردن

consent
agree, permit موافقت کردن، اجازه دادن
cement plaster, mortar

گچ، سیمان

conceit
egotism, immodesty خودرایی، غرور، خودپسندی
comprise include, contain

شامل شدن، تشکیل شده بودن از

callous
obdurate, unfeeling سنگدل، بی عاطفه
consolidate centralize, fortify

یکپارچه کردن، محکم ساختن

celebrated
acclaimed, lionized ستوده، مشهور
calm harmonious, unruffled

آرام، هماهنگ

cheap
competitive, inexpensive ارزان
chastise

punish, admonish


تنبیه کردن، مجازات کردن
consolidate solidify, strengthen

یکپارچه کردن، تقویت کردن، محکم ساختن

condemn
castigate, chide محکوم کردن
calamity adversity, misfortune

سانحه، بدبختی، فلاکت

contradict
deny, oppose تضاد داشتن
camouflage cloak, disguise

استتار کردن

contempt
scorn, disregard اهانت، تحقیر
captivate charm, fascinate

افسون کردن، اغوا کردن، جذب کردن

calculating
canny, devious حسابگر، زیرک
concur approve, agree

موافق بودن، هم جهت بودن

clandestine
covert, furtive مخفی، پوشیده
compact bunched, thick

فشرده، ضخیم

compress
abbreviate, shrink فشرده کردن، متراکم کردن
carnal earthly, fleshly

زمینی، مادی

censure
rebuke, reprimand سرزنش و انتقاد شدید کردن
calumny defamation, aspersion

رسوایی، هتک حرمت، بدنامی

courtesy
generosity, reverence شعور و ادب
confident bold, undaunted

جسور و محکم

conspicuous
prominent, obvious آشکار، مشهود
concord agreement, accord

توافق، پیمان، موافقت

captivity
imprisonment, confinement اسارت، گرفتاری
candid blunt, bluff

رک و بی پرده

coarse
bawdy, boorish زشت و قبیح
concede yield, permit

واگذار کردن، اذعان کردن

chaste
virtuous, pure خالص، نیکو، بی شیله پیله
capable competent, able

توانا

classic
simple, typical

کلاسیک، ساده
مترادف کلماتی که با حرف D شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی

dissuade
remonstrate, counsel باز داشتن، منصرف کردن
denounce blame, boycott

سرزنش کردن، بایکوت کردن

destructive
catastrophic, pernicious مخرب، فاجعه بار
decipher interpret, reveal

رمزگشایی کردن، فاش کردن

deceit
deception, artifice فریب، حیله، خدعه
deride mock, taunt

تمسخر کردن، دست انداختن

decay
collapse, decompose فساد، خرابی، زوال
docile pliable, pliant

نرم خو، تسلیم شونده، فرمان پذیر

defile
contaminate, pollute آلاییدن، آلوده کردن
deliberate cautious, intentional

عمدی، تعمدی، آگاهانه

dense
opaque, piled مات، مبهم، کدر
defray spend, pay

تسویه کردن، پرداختن

deprive
despoil, divest محروم کردن، سلب کردن
derogatory sarcastic, critical

گستاخانه، بی ادبانه

dwarf
diminutive, petite کوچک، خرد
disdain detest, despise

اهانت، تحقیر کردن، نفرت داشتن

demolish
ruin, devastate نابود کردن
despair depression, misery

بدبختی، بیچارگی
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف E شروع میشود
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
eclipse diminution, dimming

افول، کاهش در اندازه یا میزان یا اهمیت

encumbrance
hindrance, obstacle بار، مانع، چیزی که شخصی یا چیزی را عقب نگه می دارد
eager keen, acquisitive

مشتاق، علاقه مند

equivocal
uncertain, hazy مبهم
eccentric strange, abnormal

غیرعادی، عجیب و غریب

epitome
precise, example نمونه، مثال
enormous colossal, mammoth

بزرگ، عظیم

eloquence
expression, fluency شیوایی، فصاحت، روانی
ecstasy delight, exultation

شادی و شعف

eradicate
destroy, exterminate حذف کردن، نابود کردن
efface destroy, obliterate

نابود کردن

endeavor
undertake, aspire

تلاش کردن، عهده دار شدن
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف F شروع میشود
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی

frugality
economy, providence صرفه جویی، اقتصادی بودن
feud strife, quarrel

دعوا، درگیری

frivolous
petty, worthless بیهوده، بی معنی
frantic violent, agitated

آشفته، عصبانی و خشن، بهم ریخته

fragile
weak, infirm ضعیف، شکننده
fluctuate deflect, vacillate

نوسان کردن، بالا و پایین رفتن

ferocious
cruel, fierce خشمگین، وحشی
feeble weak, frail

ضعیف و شکننده

fanatical
narrow-minded, biased تندرو، جبه دار، کسی که تبعیض قائل می شود
falter stumble, demur

لغززیدن، تزلزل پیدا کردن

fallacy
delusion, mistake غلط، کاذب، اشتباه
forsake desert, renounce

رها کردن، ترک کردن

fabricate
construct, produce

ساختن، تولید کردن
مترادف کلمات انگلیسی که با حرف G شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
gloomy bleak, cloudy

غم افزا

genuine


absolute, factual
واقعی، حقیقی
gather converge, huddle

جمع آوردن، گرد آوردن

glut
stuff, satiate پرکردن، اشباع کردن
guile cunning, deceit

زیرکی، مکر و حیله

gracious
courteous, beneficent باوقار، بزرگ منش
grisly disgusting, atrocious

وحشتناک، مهیب، ترسناک

gloom
obscurity, darkness غم و اندوه، تاریکی
glory dignity, renown

شکوه و جلال، وقار

gorgeous
magnificent, dazzling فریبنده، دوست داشتنی
grudge hatred, aversion

کینه، تنفر

generosity
altruism, bounty

سخاوت
کلمات هم معنی انگلیسی که با حرف H شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
honor adoration, reverence

حرمت، شرف و افتخار

humility
resignation, fawning تواضع
harass irritate, molest

اذیت و آزار کردن

hideous
frightful, shocking زشت و زننده، شوکه کننده و ترسناک
hypocrisy deception, pharisaism

دورویی

humble
meek, timid متواضع، محفوظ به حیا
hamper retard, prevent

پیشگیری کردن، مانع شدن

harmony
conformity, amicability هماهنگی، یکپارچگی
hapless unfortunate, ill-fated

بدشانس، بد اقبال

hazard
peril, danger خطر، ناملایمت
hasty abrupt, impetuous

عجولانه، ناگهانی

haughty
arrogant, pompous متکبر و خودخواه
hamstring cripple, debilitate

از کار انداختن، فلج کردن

heretic
non-conformist, secularist

خلاف اندیش، دگراندیش
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف I شروع میشود
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
impartial just, unbiased

منصف، بی طرف

immaculate
exquisite, impeccable معصوم، منزه
immense huge, enormous

عظیم، بزرگ

infernal
damned, accurse ملعون
inevitable unavoidable, ascertained

اجتناب ناپذیر، مقدر

insinuate
allude, hint تلقین کردن، به شکل ناخودآگاه القا کردن
insipid tasteless, vapid

بی مزه

impair
diminish, deteriorate ناقص کردن، کاستن، کم کردن
imminent impending, brewing

حتمی، غریب الوقوع

ingenuous
undisguised, naive صاف و ساده، ساده لوح
irrepressible irresistible, unconfined

مهارناپذیر، غیرقابل کنترل

invective
accusation, censure دشنام، اتهام زدن
immerse submerge, involve

داخل کردن، غرق در … کردن

inclination
disposition, affection تمایل، سرشت
incongruous inappropriate, absurd

نامناسب، ناجور

indigent
destitute, impoverished بی چیز، بسیار فقیر
indifferent equitable, haughty

بی تفاوت

impediment
hurdle, obstruction مانع، جلودار
infringe violate, encroach

تخطی کردن، تخلف کردن

instill
inculcate, inject تلقین کردن، القا کردن، تزریق کردن
impulsive flaky, impetuous

ناگهانی، حساب نشده

insolvent
indigent, destitute بی پول، کسی که هشتش گرو نهش باشد
invincible unconquerable, impregnable

شکست ناپذیر

immunity
prerogative, privilege مصونیت، مزیت و امتیاز و برتری
intricate tangled, complicated

پیچیده، غامض

impious
irreligious, unholy خدانشناس، نامقدس، بی خدا
impenitent uncontrite, obdurate

ناپشیمان

interesting
enchanting, riveting جالب
intrinsic genuine, fundamental

اصلی، اصل، حقیقی

insipid
tedious, prosaic بی روح، بی مزه، خسته کننده
incompetent inefficient, unskilled

بی کفایت، کم بازده

impute
attribute, ascribe نسبت دادن
intrigue scheme, conspiracy

دسیسه، توطئه، فتنه

immaculate
unsullied, spotless

پاک، منزه
مترادف کلماتی که با حرف J شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
jubilant rejoicing, triumphant

فرخنده، شادمان، سرمست (از پیروزی)

judicious
thoughtful, prudent مصلحت اندیش، با تدبیر، دارای قوه قضاوت
jaded tired, exhausted

خسته

just
honest, impartial منصف، بی طرف
juvenile young, tender

جوان، کم سن

jovial
frolicsome, cheerful خوش گذران، سبک روح، خوشحال
jejune dull, boring

بخشیدن، آمرزیدن

amplify
augment, deepen شدت یا عمق بخشیدن
abject despicable, servile

پست، خفیف، رقت انگیز

alleviate
abate, relieve کاهیدن، تسکین دادن
admonish counsel, reprove

سرزنش کردن، انتقاد کردن

abate
moderate, decrease کاستن، کم شدن
adherent follower, disciple

تابع، پیرو

abound
flourish, proliferate فراوان بودن، وفور داشتن
awkward rude, blundering

سخت و زحمت دار، معذب کننده

abortive
vain, unproductive بی ثمر

abolish
abrogate, annul

ملغی کردن
allay pacify, soothe

تلطیف کردن، نرم کردن

alien
foreigner, outsider بیگانه
acumen awareness, brilliance

تیزهوشی، فراست

authentic
accurate, credible موثق، معتبر
accord agreement, harmony

آکورد، هماهنگی، هارمونی

adhere
comply, observe قبول و پیروی کردن
axiom adage, truism

حقیقت آشکار، اصل

arraign
incriminate, indict احضار کردن
audacity boldness, courage

بی پروایی، جرئت

ascend
climb, escalate بالا رفتن
adversity misfortune, calamity

بدبختی، فلاکت

adamant
stubborn, inflexible یک دنده، غیرمنعطف
acrimony harshness, bitterness

تندی، شدت

adjunct
joined, added الحاقی، ضمیمه
abash disconcert, rattle

دستپاچه یا شرمنده کردن

abjure
forsake, renounce عهد شکستن، برائت جستن
allure entice, fascinate

جذب کردن، شیفتن
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف B شروع میشود


کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
busy active, engaged

مشغول، درگیر

bustle
commotion, tumult شلوغی، هیاهو
brittle breakable, crisp

شکننده

bold
adventurous بی باک، جسورانه، ماجراجو
boisterous clamorous, rowdy

پرسروصدا (معمولا به شکل منفی)

blunt
dull, insensitive کرخت، بی حس
bleak grim, austere

پوچ، غم انگیز

bind
predicament بدبختی، شرایط سخت
bewitching alluring, charming

خوش آمدنی، افسونگر

benign
favorable, friendly دوست داشتنی، نیکو
benevolent benign, generous

نیک سرشت، خوب

befogged
becloud, dim مبهم، مختل
bawdy erotic, coarse

اروتیک

batty
insane, silly احمق، دیوانه
base vulgar, coarse

ناهنجار

barrier
barricade, obstacle مانع
barren desolate, sterile

بی ثمر، تهی

baroque
florid, gilt باروک، دارای طلاکاری و گلگون
barbarous frustrate, perplex

وحشی، گیج و بهت زده

baffle
astound, faze

مبهوت کردن
بیشتر بخوانید:کلمات متضاد انگلیسی
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف C شروع میشود
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
comic clown, jester

دلقک، مضحک، خنده دار

consequence
effect, outcome پیامد
compassion kindness. Sympathy

همدلی، همدردی

creation
formation, foundation ایجاد، پایه، شکل گیری
cunning acute, smart

زیرک، حقه باز، باهوش

contrary
dissimilar, conflicting مغایر، مخالف
captivate beguile, bewitch

اسیر کردن، افسون کردن

catholic
generic, liberal لیبرال، روشن فکر
cease terminate, desist

متوقف کردن

consent
agree, permit موافقت کردن، اجازه دادن
cement plaster, mortar

گچ، سیمان

conceit
egotism, immodesty خودرایی، غرور، خودپسندی
comprise include, contain

شامل شدن، تشکیل شده بودن از

callous
obdurate, unfeeling سنگدل، بی عاطفه
consolidate centralize, fortify

یکپارچه کردن، محکم ساختن

celebrated
acclaimed, lionized ستوده، مشهور
calm harmonious, unruffled

آرام، هماهنگ

cheap
competitive, inexpensive ارزان
chastise

punish, admonish


تنبیه کردن، مجازات کردن
consolidate solidify, strengthen

یکپارچه کردن، تقویت کردن، محکم ساختن

condemn
castigate, chide محکوم کردن
calamity adversity, misfortune

سانحه، بدبختی، فلاکت

contradict
deny, oppose تضاد داشتن
camouflage cloak, disguise

استتار کردن

contempt
scorn, disregard اهانت، تحقیر
captivate charm, fascinate

افسون کردن، اغوا کردن، جذب کردن

calculating
canny, devious حسابگر، زیرک
concur approve, agree

موافق بودن، هم جهت بودن

clandestine
covert, furtive مخفی، پوشیده
compact bunched, thick

فشرده، ضخیم

compress
abbreviate, shrink فشرده کردن، متراکم کردن
carnal earthly, fleshly

زمینی، مادی

censure
rebuke, reprimand سرزنش و انتقاد شدید کردن
calumny defamation, aspersion

رسوایی، هتک حرمت، بدنامی

courtesy
generosity, reverence شعور و ادب
confident bold, undaunted

جسور و محکم

conspicuous
prominent, obvious آشکار، مشهود
concord agreement, accord

توافق، پیمان، موافقت

captivity
imprisonment, confinement اسارت، گرفتاری
candid blunt, bluff

رک و بی پرده

coarse
bawdy, boorish زشت و قبیح
concede yield, permit

واگذار کردن، اذعان کردن

chaste
virtuous, pure خالص، نیکو، بی شیله پیله
capable competent, able

توانا

classic
simple, typical

کلاسیک، ساده
مترادف کلماتی که با حرف D شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی

dissuade
remonstrate, counsel باز داشتن، منصرف کردن
denounce blame, boycott

سرزنش کردن، بایکوت کردن

destructive
catastrophic, pernicious مخرب، فاجعه بار
decipher interpret, reveal

رمزگشایی کردن، فاش کردن

deceit
deception, artifice فریب، حیله، خدعه
deride mock, taunt

تمسخر کردن، دست انداختن

decay
collapse, decompose فساد، خرابی، زوال
docile pliable, pliant

نرم خو، تسلیم شونده، فرمان پذیر

defile
contaminate, pollute آلاییدن، آلوده کردن
deliberate cautious, intentional

عمدی، تعمدی، آگاهانه

dense
opaque, piled مات، مبهم، کدر
defray spend, pay

تسویه کردن، پرداختن

deprive
despoil, divest محروم کردن، سلب کردن
derogatory sarcastic, critical

گستاخانه، بی ادبانه

dwarf
diminutive, petite کوچک، خرد
disdain detest, despise

اهانت، تحقیر کردن، نفرت داشتن

demolish
ruin, devastate نابود کردن
despair depression, misery

بدبختی، بیچارگی
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف E شروع میشود
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
eclipse diminution, dimming

افول، کاهش در اندازه یا میزان یا اهمیت

encumbrance
hindrance, obstacle بار، مانع، چیزی که شخصی یا چیزی را عقب نگه می دارد
eager keen, acquisitive

مشتاق، علاقه مند

equivocal
uncertain, hazy مبهم
eccentric strange, abnormal

غیرعادی، عجیب و غریب

epitome
precise, example نمونه، مثال
enormous colossal, mammoth

بزرگ، عظیم

eloquence
expression, fluency شیوایی، فصاحت، روانی
ecstasy delight, exultation

شادی و شعف

eradicate
destroy, exterminate حذف کردن، نابود کردن
efface destroy, obliterate

نابود کردن

endeavor
undertake, aspire

تلاش کردن، عهده دار شدن
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف F شروع میشود
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی

frugality
economy, providence صرفه جویی، اقتصادی بودن
feud strife, quarrel

دعوا، درگیری

frivolous
petty, worthless بیهوده، بی معنی
frantic violent, agitated

آشفته، عصبانی و خشن، بهم ریخته

fragile
weak, infirm ضعیف، شکننده
fluctuate deflect, vacillate

نوسان کردن، بالا و پایین رفتن

ferocious
cruel, fierce خشمگین، وحشی
feeble weak, frail

ضعیف و شکننده

fanatical
narrow-minded, biased تندرو، جبه دار، کسی که تبعیض قائل می شود
falter stumble, demur

لغززیدن، تزلزل پیدا کردن

fallacy
delusion, mistake غلط، کاذب، اشتباه
forsake desert, renounce

رها کردن، ترک کردن

fabricate
construct, produce

ساختن، تولید کردن
مترادف کلمات انگلیسی که با حرف G شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
gloomy bleak, cloudy

غم افزا

genuine


absolute, factual
واقعی، حقیقی
gather converge, huddle

جمع آوردن، گرد آوردن

glut
stuff, satiate پرکردن، اشباع کردن
guile cunning, deceit

زیرکی، مکر و حیله

gracious
courteous, beneficent باوقار، بزرگ منش
grisly disgusting, atrocious

وحشتناک، مهیب، ترسناک

gloom
obscurity, darkness غم و اندوه، تاریکی
glory dignity, renown

شکوه و جلال، وقار

gorgeous
magnificent, dazzling فریبنده، دوست داشتنی
grudge hatred, aversion

کینه، تنفر

generosity
altruism, bounty

سخاوت
کلمات هم معنی انگلیسی که با حرف H شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
honor adoration, reverence

حرمت، شرف و افتخار

humility
resignation, fawning تواضع
harass irritate, molest

اذیت و آزار کردن

hideous
frightful, shocking زشت و زننده، شوکه کننده و ترسناک
hypocrisy deception, pharisaism

دورویی

humble
meek, timid متواضع، محفوظ به حیا
hamper retard, prevent

پیشگیری کردن، مانع شدن

harmony
conformity, amicability هماهنگی، یکپارچگی
hapless unfortunate, ill-fated

بدشانس، بد اقبال

hazard
peril, danger خطر، ناملایمت
hasty abrupt, impetuous

عجولانه، ناگهانی

haughty
arrogant, pompous متکبر و خودخواه
hamstring cripple, debilitate

از کار انداختن، فلج کردن

heretic
non-conformist, secularist

خلاف اندیش، دگراندیش
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف I شروع میشود
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
impartial just, unbiased

منصف، بی طرف

immaculate
exquisite, impeccable معصوم، منزه
immense huge, enormous

عظیم، بزرگ

infernal
damned, accurse ملعون
inevitable unavoidable, ascertained

اجتناب ناپذیر، مقدر

insinuate
allude, hint تلقین کردن، به شکل ناخودآگاه القا کردن
insipid tasteless, vapid

بی مزه

impair
diminish, deteriorate ناقص کردن، کاستن، کم کردن
imminent impending, brewing

حتمی، غریب الوقوع

ingenuous
undisguised, naive صاف و ساده، ساده لوح
irrepressible irresistible, unconfined

مهارناپذیر، غیرقابل کنترل

invective
accusation, censure دشنام، اتهام زدن
immerse submerge, involve

داخل کردن، غرق در … کردن

inclination
disposition, affection تمایل، سرشت
incongruous inappropriate, absurd

نامناسب، ناجور

indigent
destitute, impoverished بی چیز، بسیار فقیر
indifferent equitable, haughty

بی تفاوت

impediment
hurdle, obstruction مانع، جلودار
infringe violate, encroach

تخطی کردن، تخلف کردن

instill
inculcate, inject تلقین کردن، القا کردن، تزریق کردن
impulsive flaky, impetuous

ناگهانی، حساب نشده

insolvent
indigent, destitute بی پول، کسی که هشتش گرو نهش باشد
invincible unconquerable, impregnable

شکست ناپذیر

immunity
prerogative, privilege مصونیت، مزیت و امتیاز و برتری
intricate tangled, complicated

پیچیده، غامض

impious
irreligious, unholy خدانشناس، نامقدس، بی خدا
impenitent uncontrite, obdurate

ناپشیمان

interesting
enchanting, riveting جالب
intrinsic genuine, fundamental

اصلی، اصل، حقیقی

insipid
tedious, prosaic بی روح، بی مزه، خسته کننده
incompetent inefficient, unskilled

بی کفایت، کم بازده

impute
attribute, ascribe نسبت دادن
intrigue scheme, conspiracy

دسیسه، توطئه، فتنه

immaculate
unsullied, spotless

پاک، منزه
مترادف کلماتی که با حرف J شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
jubilant rejoicing, triumphant

فرخنده، شادمان، سرمست (از پیروزی)

judicious
thoughtful, prudent مصلحت اندیش، با تدبیر، دارای قوه قضاوت
jaded tired, exhausted

خسته

just
honest, impartial منصف، بی طرف
juvenile young, tender

جوان، کم سن

jovial
frolicsome, cheerful خوش گذران، سبک روح، خوشحال
jejune dull, boring

خسته کننده، کسل کننده

justify
defend, exculpate

توجیه کردن، دفاع کردن
مترادف کلماتی که با حرف K شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی
knotty complicated, difficult

در هم، پیچیده

knell
death knell, last blow ناقوس، ناقوس عزا
knave dishonest, scoundrel

رند، حیله گر

kindred
relation, species همانند، هم نوع
keen sharp, poignant

تیز
کلمات هم معنی انگلیسی با حرف L شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی

luscious
palatable, delicious خوشمزه، لذیذ
lure attract, entice

جذب کردن، فریفتن

lunacy
delusion, insanity دیوانگی
lucid sound, rational

منطقی، واضح و شفاف

linger
loiter, prolong درنگ کردن
liberal magnanimous, generous

لیبرال، آزاد و رها

liable
accountable, bound مسئول
lenient compassionate, merciful

مهربان، رحیم، دلسوز

lax
slack, careless بی دقت، اهمال کار، سهل انگار
lavish abundant, excessive

فراوان، ولخرج

languid
sluggish, apathetic

سست و بی حال، تنبل
بیشتر بخوانید:افعال زبان انگلیسی
کلمات مترادف انگلیسی که با حرف M شروع میشود
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی

mandatory
imperative, requisite الزامی
monotonous irksome, tedious

یکنواخت، خسته کننده

malice
vengefulness, grudge کینه، بدخواهی
munificent liberal, hospitable

سخاوتمند، بخشنده

molest
harass, tease اذیت و آزار کردن
mitigate alleviate, relieve

تلطیف کردن، سبک ساختن

mutual
joint, identical دوطرفه، یکسان، مشابه
mutinous recalcitrant, insurgent

متمرد، سرکش

miraculous
marvelous, extraordinary معجزه آسا، فراطبیعی
momentous notable, eventful

مهم، قابل توجه

mollify
appease, assuage فرو نشاندن، تلطیف کردن
modest humble, courteous

متواضع، افتاده، با حیا

masculine
gallant, strapping آقامنش، مردانه
merit stature, asset

شایستگی، استحقاق، سزاواری

morbid
nasty, macabre وحشتبار، چندش آور
murky dusky, dreary

تیره
مترادف کلماتی که با حرف N شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی

nullify
cancel, annul باطل، لغو، یا خنثی کردن
novice tyro, beginner

تازه کار، شاگرد، مبتدی

numerous
profuse, various متعدد
niggardly miser, covetous

طماع، خسیس، بخیل

nonchalant
indifferent, negligent بی تفاوت
nimble prompt, brisk

سریع، تند و تیز

noxious
baneful, injurious

مضر، صدمه زننده
مترادف کلماتی که با حرف O شروع می شوند
کلمه اصلی مترادف انگلیسی معنی

ominous
menacing, foreboding شوم، تهدیدآمیز
oracular cryptic, vague

گنگ، مبهم

obtain
access, inherit به دست آوردن، دست پیدا کردن
obstinate stubborn, adamant

کله شق، لجباز

ordain
order, impose منصوب کردن، گماشتن، دستور دادن
occult latent, ambiguous

مرموز، مبهم

outbreak

have been generated by laser ablation of the metal in the presence of a suitable
precursor, and stabilized in a supersonic jet of Ar [105]. The complex [AuFXe] has
been detected and characterized in the gas phase using microwave rotational
spectroscopy. As expected, it is the noble gas–noble metal halide complex more
strongly bonded to a very short Au–Xe distance of 2.54 Å [106]. All evidence is
consistent with an AuXe covalent bonding in [AuFXe]. The first gold(I) complex with
an XeAu bond is the cationic [AuXe(AsF3)][Sb2F11] (Figure 1.10), it was prepared by
reaction of [Au(AsF3)]þ[SbF6]
with xenon in SbF5-rich HF/SbF5 solutions. The cation
interacts only weakly with the anion and has an Au–Xe distance of 2.607 Å [107].
Another type of neutral gold(I) complex is [AuX(PR3 )] where X is an anionic oxygen
or nitrogen donor ligand such as [Au{N(SO 2 CF 3 )2 }(PR3 )] or [Au(OR)(PR 3 )] or even
[Au(OSO 2 CF3 )(PR 3 )], which are relevant as catalytically-active species or catalytic
precursors [26, 108].
Gold thiolates of the form [Au(SR)(PR3)] are important complexes that are known
for a great variety of thiolate ligands and also serve as building blocks to obtain
polynuclear species [109]. Several applications have been found, for example, in
medicine with the commercialization of the antiarthritic drug Auranofin [Au(SR)
(PEt3)] (Figure 1.11). Many other examples with this stoichiometry have been reported,
which also have antiarthritic, antitumoral or antimicrobial activity. The structure of
another antiarthritic drug, gold thiomalate (myocrysine), has been reported and
crystallized as a mixed sodium/cesium salt Na2Cs[Au2L(LH)] (Figure 1.12), which
is a polymer that consists of two interpenetrating spirals, with approximately fourfold
symmetry [110].
Anionic [AuX 2 ]
with halide or pseudohalide ligands are well known and have
been widely used as a starting materials. The salts [Au(SCN) 2]
have been structurally
characterized showing, for alkaline metals, infinite linear chains with alternating
Figure 1.10 Structure of [AuXe(AsF3)][Sb2 F11].
Figure 1.11 Structure of Auranofin.
1.2 Chemistry j13 short and long gold–gold distances along the chain, the [NMe4]þ salt forms a kinked
chain of trimers joined at a shared gold atom as the kink, and the [NBu4]þ salts contain
isolated dimers with a short aurophilic interaction [111]. All these complexes with
Au–Au interactions are emissive and, as suggested by Fackler and Schmidbaur [102],
the emission correlates inversely with distance. The anionic gold(I) thiolates,
Bu4N[Au(SC6H4R)2] show luminescence in the solid state, the emission maxima
range from 438 nm (blue) to 529 nm (green), depending on the substituent R [112].
The anionic complexes with the hydrosulfide ligand, [(PPh3)2N][Au(SH)2] and
[AuR(SH)]
are the only gold(I) complexes described with this ligand [113].
1.2.4.2 Gold(I) Complexes with Polydentate Ligands
Polydentate ligands have been widely used as bridging or quelating ligands in gold(I)
chemistry. One of the most important types are diphosphines, which give very stable
gold(I) complexes with different structural patterns. Dinuclear (chloro)gold(I) com-
plexes with the phosphorus atoms bridged by one to eight carbon atoms, of the type
[Au 2Cl 2 {m-(PPh 2)2 (CH 2 )n}] (n ¼ 1–8), have been prepared from [AuCl(CO)] or [AuCl
(SR 2 )] with the corresponding bidentate phosphine. They can adopt different
structural patterns, as a result of the formation of Au–Au bonds (see Figure 1.13).
The crystal lattice of the 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (n ¼ 4) or hexane (n ¼ 6)
derivatives contain independent molecules (type A) [114, 115], which show no intra-
or inter-molecular Au–Au interactions, in contrast with the structures of the related
gold complexes with shorter or longer chain diphosphines, where intra- (n ¼ 1, type
B) [116] and intermolecular metal–metal interactions with the formation of discrete
dimers (type C) [117, 118] or polymeric chains (type D) are found [114, 115, 119].
The completely different packing of the monomeric molecules of [Au2 Cl 2 {m-
(PPh2 )2 (CH 2 )4 }] and the two polymorphic forms of [Au2 Cl 2{m-(PPh2 )2 (CH 2 )2}],
where the short Au–Au contacts give rise to dimers or to a polymeric chain structure,
are particularly remarkable, since the conformations of the free phosphines show a
close relationship. It has been suggested that packing effects, with or without solvent
Figure 1.12 Structure of gold thiomalate.
14j 1 The Chemistry of Gold molecules, determine the conformation of these molecules; in fact, for [Au2 Cl 2 {m-
(PPh2 )2 (CH 2 )2 }] the presence of dichloromethane in the crystal leads to a transfor-
mation of the dimeric units present in the solvent-free crystal modification to a
polymeric chain. For the n ¼ 3 and larger chains, the complexes show monomeric
dinuclear molecules connected through intermolecular Au–Au contacts of about
3.30 Å to give polymeric chains.
Analogous structures occur in other diphosphine or diarsine complexes of the type
[AuCl 2 {m-(PPh 2 )2X}] [120–124] where X can be a great variety of bridging moieties;
the structure varies from monomeric molecules without Au–Au interactions
to dimeric complexes with intramolecular metal–metal contacts or polymeric
compounds with intermolecular Au–Au interactions. In the complexes with the
diphosphine PPh2 C(¼PMe 3 )PPh2 , the ligands change their ground state syn/anti
orientation to a symmetrical syn/syn conformation upon coordination to gold(I).
From temperature-dependent NMR studies, the energy of the Au–Au interaction was
estimated to be of the order of 29–33 kJ mol–1 [120, 121]. Figure 1.14 shows some
examples of this type of complex.
Figure 1.13 Different structural patterns of [Au2 Cl2{m-PPh2(CH 2)n}].
Figure 1.14 Some examples of [AuCl2 {m-(PPh2 )2 X}] complexes.
1.2 Chemistry j15 Other types of well-represented dinuclear derivatives with diphosphines have the
stoichiometry [Au 2 (m-PP) 2 ]2þ and are known for a great variety of diphosphines
R 2 PXPR2 (Figure 1.15) where X can vary from the simple methylene CH2 [125–127],
bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm), for which many studies have been carried
out, to another hydrocarbon chain [128], to NH [129], and so on. Most of these
derivatives are three-coordinate by bonding to the anionic ligand, which may be Cl,
Br, I, S2 CNEt 2, or BH 3 CN and also by formation of Au–Au interactions with
molecules such as [AuCl(GeCl 3 )]
. Some of these complexes are luminescent, such
as [Au2 {(PR 2 )2 CH2 }] 2þ (R ¼ Me, Ph, Cy) for which several studies have been carried
out on aurophilic attraction and luminescence [130]. The high luminescent complex
[Au 2{(PPh 2 )2 CH2 }](OTf)2 with a triplet excited state has been postulated to be used in
light-emitting diodes [131]. The dinuclear derivatives [Au 2 {(PR2 )2 X}]2þ (X ¼ CH2 ,
NH) can be easily deprotonated to give the neutral complexes [Au 2 {(PR2 )2 Y}]
(Y ¼ CH, N) [132, 133]. Further coordination of the C or N atoms to other metal
complexes gives tetra or hexanuclear derivatives [133, 134].
Most of the dinuclear gold(I) complexes are homobridged diauracycles with the
same bridging ligand on each side, but some examples of heterobridged derivatives
have been reported. These contain a diphosphine in addition to other bidentate
ligands such as bis(ylide) [135, 136], dithiolate [137], dithiocarbamate [136, 138],
xantate [139], phosphoniodithioformate [140], dithiophosphinate [141], pyridine-2-
thiolate [136], and so on. They can be obtained by reaction of the [Au 2 X2 (m-PP)]
complexes with the bidentate ligand or by ligand exchange reactions between two
different homobridged dinuclear compounds. Examples of these complexes are
shown in Figure 1.16.
Figure 1.15 Dinuclear diphosphine complexes.
Figure 1.16 Dinuclear heterobridged diphosphine gold(I) complexes.
16j 1 The Chemistry of Gold Triphosphines or mixed phosphine-arsine ligands have also been used as
ligands to coordinate gold(I) centers and the structures of the complexes can vary,
depending on the structural requirements of the phosphine ligands. Then com-
plexes with stoichiometry [Au 3 Cl 3 (m-LLL)] [142–144], [Au 3 (m-LLL) 2 ] 3þ [145, 146],
[Au 2 {(PPh 2 ) 2 CHPPh 2 } 2 ] 2þ [143] or [Au 4 Cl 2 (m-LLL) 2 ] 2þ [147] have been prepared but
sometimes with different structural frameworks such as [Au 3 Cl 3 {(PPh 2 ) 3 CH} 2 ],
which forms a triangle of gold atoms, and [Au 3 (PPh 2 CH 2 PPhCH 2 PPh 2 ) 2 ] 3þ, for
which the gold atoms form a linear chain (Figure 1.17).
With tetraphosphines, the usual stoichiometry is [Au4 Cl 4 (m-P4 )], such as those with
tetrakis(diphenylphosphine)methane [148], or tetrakis(diphenylphosphine)tetrathia-
fulvalene, (PPh2 )4 TTF, [149] (Figure 1.18), and gold(I) complexes with dentritic
polymers containing phosphorus atoms as terminal groups have also been de-
scribed [150]. Some of these polyphosphine complexes have been used to synthesize
heteronuclear complexes, such as bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm) [151],
PPh2 CH 2 AsPhCH2 PPh 2 [152], and so on, which lead to several derivatives with the
polydentate ligands bridging two or more metal atoms (Figure 1.19).
Another important class of bidentate ligands in gold chemistry are those composed
of sulfur donor ligands such as dithiocarbamates, dithiolates, dithiocarboxylates,
dithiophosphinates, dithiophosphates, and so on. The complexes prepared with
these ligands are generally of the type [Au2 (m-SS)(PR 3 )2 ]nþ or [Au 2(m-SS)(m-PP)]
[153–155], [Au2 (m-SS) 2 ]n
[156, 157] or [Au 3 (m-SS)2 (PPh 3 )2 ]
[158]. All these
Figure 1.17 Gold(I) complexes with tritertiary phosphine or phosphine-arsine ligands.
Figure 1.18 Structure of [Au4Cl4 {(PPh2) 4 TTF}].
Figure 1.19 Heteronuclear phosphine gold(I) complexes.
1.2 Chemistry j17 complexes have intramolecular Au–Au interactions and some of them also present
intermolecular contacts. The usual structure for [Au 2(m-SS)(PR 3 )2 ] complexes is
dinuclear but some of them form a supramolecular structure through Au–Au and
Au–S interactions such as in [Au 2 {m-S 2P(OMe 2 )}(PPh3 )2 ]þ. The species [Au 2 (m-
SS) 2]n
can be discrete dinuclear units with intramolecular gold–gold contacts or
linear chains through intermolecular aurophilic interactions. As a consequence of
these aurophilic interactions, many of these complexes present luminescence
properties. The compound [Au 4 {m-S2 C 2(CN) 2 } 2 (PTA)2 ] has a dinuclear structure
with the “AuPTA” fragment bonded to the gold atom with an unsupported Au–Au
interaction and is highly luminescent [159]. A chiral luminescent Au16 ring has been
reported by reaction of [Au 2Cl 2 (m-dppm)] with K 2(pippzdc) (pippzdc ¼ piperazine-
1,4-dicarbodithiolate) which gives the tetramer [Au4 (pippzdc)(dppm) 2 ]4 [160].
Figure 1.20 shows some of these complexes.
Homoleptic dithiocarboxilates can be tetrameric as [Au4 (S 2 CMe) 4 ] [161] or hex-
americ as in [Au 6 (S2 C 6H 4 -Me-2) 6 ] [162] (see Figure 1.21). Analogous complexes with
selenium ligands are far less developed although some examples have been reported,
such as [Au2 {m-Se 2 C2 (CN) 2 }]2
[163] (Figure 1.22).
Substituted phenylene-dithiolate ligands have been thoroughly studied and
di-, tri- and tetranuclear complexes of the type [Au 2 (m-S 2 C 6 H 3 R)(PPh 3 ) 2 ], [Au 3 (m-
S 2 C 6 H 3 R)(PPh 3 ) 3 ]þ or [Au 4 (S 2 C 6 H 3 R) 2 L 2 ] have been reported with the ortho
isomer [137, 153, 164–166]. The meta and para isomers present different stoichio-
metries and structures such as [Au 3 (1,3-S 2 C 6 H 4 )(PPh 3 ) 3 ]þ, which shows a
one-dimensional aggregate through head-to-tail aurophilic interactions or the
Figure 1.20 Gold(I) complexes with bidentate sulfur ligands.
Figure 1.21 Dithiocarboxilate gold(I) complexes.
18j 1 The Chemistry of Gold tetranuclear [Au 4 (1,4-S 2 C 6 H 4 )(PPh 3 ) 4 ] 2þ [167]. Benzenehexatiol reacts with
[AuCl(PPh 3 )] to give the hexanuclear golden wheel [Au 6 (S 6 C 6 )(PPh 3 ) 6 ] [168].
Figure 1.23 shows some of these complexes.
Other complexes with these polydentate ligands include species with diphosphine
ligands such as the complex with the 2-thioxo-1,3-dithiole-4,5-dithiolate (dmit)
ligand, [Au4 (dmit) 2 (dppm)2 ] [169] (Figure 1.24a), the tetracoordinated compound
with the 1,2-dithiolate-o-carborane [Au4 (S 2 C2 B 10H 10 )2 {(PPh2 )2 C2 B 10H 10} 2 ] [170]
(Figure 1.24b), or the gold complex [Au2 Cl 2{Fc(S2 CNEt)2 ] [171] with the bis(dithio-
carbamate)ferrocene ligand in which there are h2 interactions between the gold(I)
atoms and the cyclopentadienyl ligands (Figure 1.24c).
Other types of polydentate ligands are those with different donor atoms that can be
of the type P,C or N,C or S,S,C,C or P,N, and so on, [172–175]. Many gold(I)
complexes with these heterofunctional ligands have been prepared. Figure 1.25
shows some examples.
Figure 1.22 Structure of [Au2{m-Se2C 2 (CN)2}]2
.
Figure 1.23 Di- and hexa-thiolate gold(I) complexes.
Figure 1.24 Some gold(I) complexes with bidentate sulfur ligands.
1.2 Chemistry j19 Gold(I) complexes with polydentate nitrogen ligands are also known, such as
with the ferrocenyl-terpyridine ligand (Figure 1.26a) in which the ligand acts as
tridentate [176], or the tetranuclear derivative with 2,20-bibenzimidazolate
(Figure 1.26b) [177], or the complexes obtained in the reaction of trans-1,2-bis
(4-pyridyl)ethylene with [Au 2 (O 2 CCF 3 ) 2 {m-(PPh 2 ) 2 (CH 2 ) n }] which gives with n ¼ 2
the cyclic compound and with n ¼ 3 or 4 one-dimensional linear or U-shaped
polymers (Figure 1.26c) [178]. In the same reaction with 4,40-bipyridine in solution
the complexes exist as an equilibrium mixture of linear oligomers and cyclic
compounds; when n ¼ 1, 3 or 5 they exist as 26-, 30- and 34 membered macrocyclic
rings, respectively, and only when n ¼ 1 are there significant intramolecular Au –Au
contacts. Some of these compounds are strongly emissive at room temperature and
in the solid state [179].
1.2.4.3 Three and Four-Coordinate Gold(I) Complexes
High coordinated gold(I) complexes with monodentate phosphines, arsines or
stibines have been reported. It was first demonstrated by 31 Pf1 Hg NMR studies
that bis-, tris, and even tetrakis(phosphine)gold(I) complexes exist in solution. Owing
to rapid ligand exchange on the NMR time scale the individual complexes can only be
observed at low temperature. The linear complexes [AuX(PR3)] interact with an excess
of phosphine to give a series of species including primarily [AuX(PR3)2], [Au(PR3)3]X
or [Au(PR3)4]X as components of the equilibria, as shown in Equation 1.8. The
Figure 1.25 Gold(I) complexes with mixed donor ligands.
Figure 1.26 Gold(I) derivatives with polydentate nitrogen ligands.
20j 1 The Chemistry of Gold maximum coordination number attainable depends on the particular ligand used. For
bulky phosphines, such as PR3 ¼ PCy3, only the two coordinated cation [Au(PCy3)2]þ is
accessible, but with PR3 ¼ PBu3, P(4-Tol)3 or PPh2{CH2CH2(2-py)} both [Au(PR3)2]þ
and [Au(PR3)3]þ are detected; for PR3 ¼ PEt3, PMe2Ph, P(OEt)3 or P(OCH2)3CEt
finally the two- three- and four-coordinated species are observed [180–182].
[AuX(PR3 )] Ð
PR3
[AuX(PR3 )2 ]>[Au(PR 3 )2 ]X Ð
PR3
[Au(PR3 )3 ]X Ð
PR3
[Au(PR 3 ) 4 ]X
ð1:8Þ
Three-coordinate complexes of the type [AuX(PR 3 )2] are known and they show
Au–P distances longer than those in two-coordinate complexes and P–Au–P angles
somewhat wider than 120 [183–185]. Some of these three-coordinate bis(phosphine)
gold(I) complexes luminesce in the solid state, as well as in solution. The emission is
attributed to the metal-centered pz ! (dx2-y2 , dxy) transition [184, 186]. The most
regular three-coordination is observed in compounds where all the three ligands are
identical, as in [Au(PPh 3) 3]þ salts for which several crystal structures with different
anions have been reported [187]. The cation of [Au(PCy2 Ph) 3 ]ClO4 , obtained by
reaction of [AuCl(PCy2 Ph)] with an excess of PCy2Ph in the presence of (NH 4 )ClO 4,
has an almost ideal trigonal planar geometry [P–Au–P angles of 119.3(3)] [188]. The
complexes [Au(TPA)3 ]Cl and [Au(TPPTS) 3 ]8
[TPPTS ¼ tris[(3,30,300-phosphinidyne-
tris(benzenesulfonate)] show luminescence in aqueous solution [189].
Four-coordinate complexes with monodentate ligands [Au(L)4 ]þ have been de-
scribed for PPh3 , PPh 2Me, AsPh 3 and SbPh 3 [190–193]. For triphenylphosphine the
structures of three modifications of the compound have been determined, none of
which shows the expected simple tetrahedral geometry, however, the cation of [Au
(PMePh2 )4 ]PF6 , or those with the arsine or stibine ligands, show a nearly regular
tetrahedral geometry. Other tetra-coordinate complexes are of the form [AuX
(PR 3)3 ] [194] and show the presence of a four-coordinate gold atom in a distorted
tetrahedral geometry, with rather long Au–P and Au–X distances. The water soluble
and luminescent gold(I) complex [AuI(MeTPA) 3 ]I 3 [(MeTPA)I ¼ 1-methyl-1-azonia-
3,5-diaza-7-phosphaadamantane iodide] has been obtained by reaction of [AuCl
(SMe2 )] with three equivalents of (MeTPA)I [195]. The coordination environment
of the gold center is approximately trigonal planar and the iodine is weakly
coordinated to the gold atom perpendicular to the AuP 3 plane [Au–I distance
2.936(1) Å]. The solid shows a yellow emission (598 nm) at 77 K and an orange
emission (686 nm) at 140 K. [AuI(MeTPA) 3 ]I 3 undergoes an unusual phenyl-transfer
reaction in aqueous solution with NaBPh 4 to form [AuPh(MeTPA) 3 ]BPh 4 .
Three-coordinate gold(I) complexes with functionalized l