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City’s continued importance as an entry point for new immigrants is demonstrated by the fact that
nearly 170 languages (per the New York City Department of Planning) are spoken in the city and
an estimated 36 percent of the population was born outside of the United States (US Census).
New York City is also geographically unique. It is a city of islands with four of the five New York
City boroughs on islands (Manhattan, Staten Island, and Long Island, where Brooklyn and
Queens are located). Only the Bronx is on the New York State mainland. New York City’s
islands and boroughs are separated by a series of rivers and waterways. Manhattan, for
example, is separated from New Jersey by the Hudson River, and the Harlem and East Rivers
separate Manhattan from the Bronx and Long Island. Long Island Sound separates the Bronx
from Queens. Staten Island is separated from Brooklyn, Manhattan, and New Jersey by New
York Harbor. Thus the city’s urban infrastructure consists of ferries, bridges and tunnels,
including subway tunnels.
Area
New York City’s land area is approximately 469 square miles, which include 304 square miles of
land and 165 square miles of water (see Figure 3-2). The land area of New York is roughly
equivalent to Kansas City (305 square miles) and slightly larger than Augusta, Georgia (302
square miles).
Within New York City, the two boroughs on Long Island are substantially larger geographically
than their counterparts. With a land area of 109 sq mi, Queens is by far the largest borough, with
Brooklyn representing the next largest land area of 71 sq mi. The Bronx and Manhattan are the
smallest with only 42 and 23 sq mi respectively.
Figure 3-2 NYC Subregion Area by Borough
Total Area (Sq. Miles) Land Area (Sq Miles)
Bronx 57 42
Brooklyn 97 71
Manhattan 34 23
Queens 178 109
Staten Is. 103 59
NYC 469 304
Source: US Census (2000); figures are rounded estimates
Population and Population Growth
New York City has been the most populated city in the United States since 1790, when it
surpassed Philadelphia. By the year 1900, NYC already contained 3.4 million residents. The
population of NYC more than doubled over the next 50 years, growing to 7.89 million residents in
1959. The population growth stemmed from a series of domestic and international immigration,
including domestic immigration from the southern states in the 1920s and the post World War II
boom, which brought large numbers of European immigrants to New York City.
Between 1950 and 1980, population growth slowed considerably. New York City experienced
economic problems in the 1960s and 1970s and the city suffered from social unrest created by
racial tensions, and rising crime rates that continued until the 1970s. Indeed, between 1970 and
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1980, NYC lost 10 percent of its residents. New York City recovered from this period of unrest
and the 1980s saw a resurgence in the financial industry, lower crime rates, an ease in the racial
tensions and a new wave of immigrants from Asia and Latin America. The population of NYC has
grown considerably since 1980, surpassing 8 million people by 2000.
From 2000 to 2007, the city grew 3.3 percent, from 8 million to nearly 8.3 million residents. This
is a faster rate of growth than the 1.7 percent experienced by New York State, but much lower
than the national growth rate of 7.2 percent, reflecting the national trend of slower growth in the
northeast as compared with the “sun belt” in the southeast and southwest.
The population and population growth of each borough is shown in Figure 3-3. Among the
boroughs, Brooklyn has the highest population (as of 2007) at over 2.5 million, while Staten
Island, at nearly 444,000 is the least populated of the boroughs. In terms of growth as a
percentage, Staten Island experienced the greatest population growth from 2000 to 2007, at 8.5
percent, while Queens experienced the least population growth, at 1.8 percent.
Figure 3-3 NYC Subregion Population and Population by Borough
2000 Pop. % 2007 Pop. % Change % Change
Bronx 1,332,650 16.6% 1,373,659 16.6% 41,009 3.1%
Brooklyn 2,465,326 30.8% 2,528,050 30.6% 62,724 2.5%
Manhattan 1,537,195 19.2% 1,620,867 19.6% 83,672 5.4%
Queens 2,229,379 27.8% 2,270,338 27.4% 40,959 1.8%
Staten Is. 443,728 5.5% 481,613 5.8% 37,885 8.5%
NYC 8,008,278 8,274,527 266,249 3.3%
Source: US Census (2000); figures are rounded estimates
Population Density
As shown in Figure 3-4, NYC has a population density of more than 26,000 people per square
mile (Census 2000). In comparison, the second largest city in the United States, Los Angeles,
covers 469 square miles of land and has a population density of 8,200 people per square mile.1
1 2000 Census and 2007 American Fact Finder
Note that the 26,000 people per square mile average is skewed downward by the inclusion of
Staten Island. With the third largest land area but the lowest population, Staten Island exhibits a
population density of only 7,600 people per square mile. On the other end of the density
spectrum, Manhattan holds the title of the most densely populated county in the US. With the
smallest land area and the third largest population of the boroughs, Manhattan has the incredible
population density of nearly 67,000 people per square mile.
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Figure 3-4 Population Density by NYC Borough (2000)
2000 Pop. Area (Sq Mi) Density
Bronx 1,332,650 42 31,709
Brooklyn 2,465,326 71 34,916
Manhattan 1,537,195 23 66,940
Queens 2,229,379 109 20,409
Staten Is. 443,728 59 7,587
NYC 8,008,278 304 26,257
Source: US Census (2000); figures are rounded estimates
Population Age Distribution
The median age of New York City residents is 35.9, which is slightly lower than the median for
New York State (37.0) and the US as a whole (36.4). As shown in Figure 3-5, older adults
account for 12 percent of the population, while 64 percent of the residents are between the ages
of 18-64.
The share of population over 65 years old remains constant (10% to 13%) across the boroughs,
however, in absolute terms Brooklyn has nearly 283,000 older adults, while Staten Island has
only 51,000.
Children under the age of 18 account for 24 percent of the city’s total population but the share
ranges across the city from only 17 percent in Manhattan up to 30 percent in the Bronx.
Figure 3-5 NYC Subregion Age Distribution by Borough (2000)
Under 18 18-64 65 and Over Total Percentage of
Citywide total
Bronx Population 397,372 801,330 133,948 1,332,650 17%
Percentage 30% 60% 10%
Brooklyn Population 662,499 1,520,169 282,658 2,465,326 31%
Percentage 27% 62% 11%
Manhattan Population 257,916 1,092,503 186,776 1,537,195 19%
Percentage 17% 71% 12%
Queens Population 509,224 1,437,113 283,042 2,229,379 28%
Percentage 23% 64% 13%
Staten Is. Population 113,258 279,037 51,433 443,728 6%
Percentage 26% 63% 12%
NYC Population 1,940,269 5,070,645 937,857 8,008,278 100%
Percentage 24% 64% 12%
Source: US Census (2000); figures are rounded estimates
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Persons with Disability
New York City is home to a proportionately large population of persons with a disability over the
age of five (1,815,012 as of the 2000 Census), representing 23 percent of the total population, or
25 percent of the population over five. In comparison, persons with a disability are only 19
percent of New York State’s population and 18 percent of the nation’s population.
Income
A defining characteristic of New York City is the disparity in individual and household incomes.
Despite being one of the wealthiest urban areas in the world, NYC has a large population of low
income residents. Consequently, NYC’s median income ($38,293 according to the 2000 US
Census) is lower than New York State ($43,393) and the national average ($41,994). With 2.4
million people qualifying as low income, the city’s low income percentage is approximately 30
percent, compared to the national average of 20 percent.
Employment
New York City is an international hub of business and commerce and one of the largest urban
economies in the world. It is the largest regional economy in the United States and is a major
center for finance, insurance, real estate, media and the arts in the United States. NYC’s
signature industry is the financial sector, represented by Wall Street, which is the world largest
stock exchanged (measured by daily trading volumes). The financial sector accounts for 35
percent of the employment income in New York City. Other major industries include real estate,
television and film, creative industries (advertising, fashion, design and architecture) as well as
high tech industries, medical research and education. Manufacturing is also an important
industry in NYC, although it has held a declining share of employment. In total, there are some
3.2 million jobs2
2 “Employment in New York – October 2008”, New York State Department of Labor Quarterly Newsletter, published by
the Division of Research and Statistics.
.
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Profile of the Bronx
Overview
As shown in Figure 3-6, the Bronx is the northernmost borough in New York City. Bordering the
Bronx is Westchester County (and the cities of Yonkers and Mount Vernon) to the north, the
Hudson and Harlem Rivers to the west, Long Island Sound to the East, and the East River to the
south. With a population between 1.33
Figure 3-6 Bronx Location within the NYMTC Region
and 1.4 million people, which reflects 17 percent of NYC’s
population, the Bronx is second lowest in population among the five boroughs. The Bronx is
world famous for being the home of Yankee Stadium and the Bronx Zoo. The main campus of
Fordham University is also located in the Bronx.
Several interstate highways and parkways crisscross the borough, as shown in Figure 3-7.
These include I-87 (the New York Thruway) I-95 (Cross Bronx Expressway), I-278 (Bruckner
Expressway), I-695 (The Throgs Neck Expressway), I-295, I-895, the Hutchinson Parkway, Saw
Mill River Parkway, and the Bronx River Parkway. The Bronx is connected to Manhattan by
several bridges, and to Queens by The Throgs Neck Bridge, The Whitestone Bridge, and the
Robert F. Kennedy-Triborough Bridge.
3 American Fact Finder, US Census 2000
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Figure 3-7 Bronx Detail
The Bronx is served by public transportation services operated by the Metropolitan Transportation
Authority. Several subway lines connect the Bronx to Manhattan (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, B, and D), some of
which (2, 4, 5, B, and D) continue on to Brooklyn. No subway line directly connects the Bronx
with Queens, though two bus routes (the QBx1 and the Q44) do. In addition to these subway
lines, local and limited stop buses provide circulation within the borough while express buses
provide commuter services connecting the Bronx to Manhattan. Metro-North also provides
commuter rail service between the Bronx and Manhattan, as well as providing reverse commute
services to work destinations in the Lower Hudson Valley and Connecticut. Access-A-Ride
services are available throughout the borough providing curb to curb services for qualified
passengers. Westchester Bee-Line also provides services in the Bronx.
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Area
Geographically, the Bronx is the second smallest borough, covering 42 square miles of land. It
sits just north of Manhattan and just south of Westchester County and is the only borough directly
connected to the mainland.
Population and Population Growth
As shown in Figure 3-3, the Bronx’s population in 2000 was 1,332,650, second smallest (to
Staten Island) of the five boroughs. By 2007, the Bronx population had grown to 1,373,659, an
increase of 3.1 percent from 2000.
Total population by zip code is presented in Figure 3-8. The most populated zip code is 10467 in
Fordham, with a 2000 population of 96,340.
Population Density
As shown in Figure 3-8, the population density of the Bronx in the Year 2000 was 31,709 people
per square mile, meaning the Bronx’s population density is the third highest of the boroughs and
fairly similar to Brooklyn, which has 34,916 persons per square mile. In comparison, the
population density of NYC as a whole was 26,257 persons per square mile in 2000. For the
same year, the population densities of New York State and United States were 402 and 80
persons per square mile, respectively.
Total population density by zip code is also shown in Figure 3-8. Local densities ranged from 36
persons per square mile in zip code 10464 in Pelham to 86,883 persons per square mile in zip
code 10453 in the Morris Heights section of the Bronx.
Population Age Distribution
The median age of residents of the Bronx is 31.2 years old, compared to New York City overall
(35.9) and the US (36.4). According to the US Census, there were approximately 134,000 older
adults living in the Bronx in 2000, accounting for 10 percent of the population. Figure 3-5 shows
the distribution of the borough’s older adult population. Overall, the density of older adults was
3,189 persons per square mile in the Bronx in 2000.
Population of Persons with Disabilities
There were 340,121 persons with disabilities living in the Bronx in 2000, accounting for about 28
percent of the total population, and resulting in a density of 8,098 persons with disabilities per
square mile.
Income
Residents of the Bronx earned a median household income of about $28,000 in 2000, the lowest
median income in NYC. The Bronx has a high percentage of low income residents, with 31
percent of the borough’s population or 395,263 persons living below the poverty level, and with a
density of 9,411 low income persons per square mile.
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Figure 3-8 Bronx Population and Population Density Distribution by Zip Code (2000)
ZIP
Code General Area Square
Miles
Total Population
Population Density
10467 Fordham 2.82 96,340 34,105
10453 Morris Heights 0.91 79,319 86,883
10468 Fordham 1.09 78,243 71,517
10457 Tremont 1.23 73,979 59,935
10456 High Bridge 1.07 73,538 68,971
10458 Fordham 1.22 72,245 59,347
10452 High Bridge 0.96 70,443 73,474
10462 Pelham 1.47 69,936 47,457
10466 Edenwald 2.07 69,536 33,647
10472 Parkchester 1.11 65,368 58,813
10469 Edenwald 2.56 62,822 24,571
10473 Soundview 2.09 60,718 29,096
10463 Kingsbridge 1.74 56,921 32,756
10460 Tremont 1.64 52,034 31,671
10461 Pelham 2.30 48,820 21,239
10465 Throgs Neck 3.73 42,008 11,248
10451 High Bridge 1.03 41,902 40,637
10459 Hunts Point 0.87 40,999 47,317
10455 Mott Haven 0.71 38,132 53,600
10475 Co-Op City 1.14 36,614 31,988
10454 Mott Haven 1.07 35,412 33,238
10471 Riverdale 2.87 25,283 8,810
10470 Woodlawn 0.88 16,089 18,263
11370 Riker's Island* 0.65 12,581 19,468
10474 Hunts Point 1.49 11,153 7,492
10464 Pelham 0.41 4,402 10,608
10475 Co-Op City 0.26 530 2,020
10464 Pelham 2.70 97 36
Source: US Census (2000); figures are rounded estimates
*Riker’s Island is politically part of the Bronx, though it has a Queens zip code. The US Census includes it in
Bronx County, and it remains here in the Census analysis presented in this chapter.
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Employment
Approximately 51 percent of the Bronx’s population is in the labor force. As of July 2008, the
unemployment rate in the Bronx was 6.5 percent. Roughly 41 percent of the population works in
the Bronx, while 47 percent work outside, including a large segment commuting to Manhattan and
Westchester County and Stamford, CT. Most of the jobs within the borough are in the
educational, health, and social services industries. Another key characteristic of the Bronx’s
economy is the scale of the borough’s employers; according to the US Census, 89 percent of the
businesses operating in the Bronx had a workforce of 20 employees or less. The Bronx’s
commercial activity is located at major cross-roads such as Fordham Plaza near the intersection
of Fordham Road and Grand Concourse, the hub at Webster Avenue and 149 Street, and the
courthouse area located at 161 Street and Grand Concourse. Along major corridors there is
some commercial activity. There are also a number of office parks located in the eastern parts of
the Bronx
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