پنجشنبه ۲۲ شهریور ۰۳ | ۲۱:۱۶ ۷ بازديد
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study of Airport infrastructure at Nagpur and submitted a report on October 26,
2004. The report is under examination. Cabinet has approved international status to
Nagpur Airport and has also approved re-naming it as Dr. Ambedkar International
Airport. The Indian Air Force (IAF) is also implementing its GAJRAJ Project
adjacent to the MIHAN Project. High-level meetings are taking place exchange
equivalent land between Govt. of Maharashtra and Ministry of Defence to facilitate
implementation of the MIHAN Project. Government of Maharashtra has already
formed a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) in the name of Maharashtra Airport
Development Company (MADC) for development of MIHAN.
Check Your Progress:
Answer the following question:
1. Major road network at national and state level is classified as - National
Highways (NH) and __________________.
2. In India, the share of transport in GDP is approx. equal to ___________
and road transport is equal to ______________.
3. In 2004, an approximate motor vehicle population in India was
___________ million.
4. The railways were introduced in India in the year ___________ between
_____________ and _________________.
5. Commercial aviation took off in India on February 18, 1911, when a
French aviator, Henry Piquet set a world record by flying the world's first
air mail from _____________ to ______________.
6. ICAO and DGCA stands for _______________________
7. There is a proposal from Government of Maharashtra to construct
International Multi Model Passenger and Cargo Hub at ________.
Check your answer with the one given at the end of the unit.
3.8 Summary:
Transport sector in India has expanded manifold in the fifty years after
independence, both in terms of spread and capacity. The growth in the importance
of transport sector is borne out by its growing share in GDP. The share of transport
in GDP is 5.5% and handles more than 60 percent of freight and more than 80
percent of passenger traffic in India.
The total road length in India has increased significantly from 0.399 million kms as
of March 31, 1951 to 3.38 million kms as of March 31, 2004, making Indian road
network one of the largest road networks in the world. The surfaced road lengths
have also increased from 0.157 million kms to around 1.604 million kms in the
same period.
There has been a staggering 100-fold increase in the population of motorized
vehicles. However, the expansion in the road network has not been commensurate
with this increase. The motor vehicle population has grown from 0.3 million in
1951 to over 30 million in 2004.
After Independence, the railways of the country were totally integrated and
brought under the unified management of the Railway Board. Today, the Indian
Railways (IR) has a network spread over 63,000 route kms. and 7,000 stations
throughout the length and breadth of the country. It carries 12 million passengers
and more than 1.2 million tonnes of freight daily, accounting roughly for 40 per
cent of the freight and 2 % of the passenger traffic in the country.
Water transport too has seen remarkable growth since independence. Today, India
has a long coastline of 7,516.6 kms, a number of ports (11 major and 139 minor
working ports) and a vast hinterland. In terms of ports, now we have approximately
11 intermediate and 168 minor ports.
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Since the dawn of Independence, civil aviation in India has made giant strides and
today it is a major contributor to the growth of the national economy. The
availability of cheap, war-surplus Douglas-DC3 aircraft gave rise to many new
airlines, opening up more routes across the country. However, the early 1950s saw
an alarming slump in the financial condition of many of the new airlines,
ultimately prompting the Government of India to nationalise the air transport
industry.
Apart from providing connectivity in a large and diverse country like India and
serving the transportation needs of people in a speedy, cost-effective and efficient
manner, the aviation sector has also greatly facilitated the development of domestic
and international tourism, business, commerce and trade.
3.9 Answers to Check Your Progress:
1. State Highways (SH)
2. 5.5 and 3.5.
3. 30 Million
4. 1853, Mumbai and Thane.
5. Allahabad to Naini.
6. International Civil Aviation Organisation and Directorate General of Civil
Aviation.
7. Nagpur.
3.10 Suggested Readings:
• Burkart, A.J. and Medlik, S., Tourism: Past, Present and Future. Heinmann,
London, 1974, p.44, 47.
• Bhatia,A.,K.,(2001),Tourism Development-Principles and Practice. Sterling
Publishing Pvt Ltd., New Delhi.
• Cooper, Fletcher,Gilbert,Wanhill. Tourism Principles and Practice, Pitman,
p.76
• Course material, MTM – 14, IGNOU and www.indiabudget.nic.in
• Holloway, J.C., The Business of Tourism. Macdonald and Evans, London,
1983.
• Kamra,K.,K., and Chand Mohinder, Basics of Tourism. Kanishka
Publishers, New Delhi
• Mill, Robert Christie, and Morrison, Alastair, M., The Tourism System.
• Middelton,Victor, T.,C., Tourism Marketing. Heinman Publishing, p.241.
• Press Information Bureau, Government of India.
• Seth, Pran, Nath, (1991), Successful Tourism Management Vol II. Sterling
Publishing Pvt Ltd., New Delhi.
• Tewari, S.P., (1994), Tourism Dimentions. Atma Ram and Sons, New
Delhi.
• www.indiacore.com/roadways.html.
• www.indianrailways.gov.in
3.11 Review Questions:
1. “There has been a substantial growth in the air transport sector in India
especially in the post-independence era”. Explain the statement.
2. Discuss the growth and development of surface transport sector (both rail
and road) after post-independence era.
3. Highlight the planning perspective of Government of India towards
transport sector in terms of Budget allocation.
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4. Highlight the Government initiatives in the transport development in India.
5. Explain the possibilities of water transport in India.
UNIT - 4
TOURIST TRANSPORT SYSTEM: DISTRIBUTION
AND OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Structure:
4.0 Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Tourist Transport Distribution System
4.2.1 Benefits of Distribution Channels or Intermediaries
4.2.2 Structure of Distribution Channels
4.2.3 Distribution Channel Function
4.2.4 Number of Channel Levels
4.3 Tourist Transport Operations: An Introduction
4.3.1 Operational Requirements
4.4 Summary
4.0 Objectives:
After reading this unit, you will be able to:
• Explain the tourist transport system;
• Discuss the distribution system in transport sector;
• Explain the benefits, structure and functions of distribution channels;
• Describe the number of channels in tourism transport sector; and
• Explain the operational requirements in tourism transport sector.
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4.1 Introduction:
Tourism transport as a product, in its widest sense, is everything that the visitor
consumes not only at the destination but also en route to destination; transport
provides some key elements of the tourism product. Infact, as per Leiper, transport
makes an important link between three geographical elements of the model. These
are traveller - geographic regions, transport destination regions and transit route
regions. Travellers generating regions represents the generating markets for
tourism and in a sense provide a ‘push’ to stimulate and motivate travel. It is here
that tourist searches for information, makes bookings and departs for his
destination. In many respects, a tourist destination region represents the ‘sharp end’
of tourism. At the destination, the full impact of the tourism is felt and planning
and management strategies are implemented. The destination is also the reason for
tourism. The pull to visit destination energizes the whole system and creates a
demand for travel in generating region. It is therefore at the destination, where the
most noticeable and dramatic consequences of the system occur. The travel route
region represents not only the short period of the travellers to reach the destination,
but also the intermediate places, which may be visited en route. There is always an
interval in a trip when the traveller feels that they have left their home region but
not yet arrived. …. [Where] they choose to visit (Leiper, 1990, p.22)
Basic transport system is reflected in the following figure:
Figure-4.1
Source: Leiper, N., Tourism System, 1990
Traveller Departing Tourist Tourist
generating Transit route regions Destination
Regions Returning tourist Region
Environments: Human, Socio-cultural, Economical, Technological,
Physical,
Political, Legal etc.
4.2 Tourist Transport Distribution System:
Most of tourism organizations have limited production units, especially in transport
sector, such as taxi firms, independent travel agents and tour operators, destination
management companies, where the choice of location is the most important
business decision. There are a number of reasons for developing distribution or
access system, but the overriding reason is to generate sales revenue in addition to
what may be sustained solely by a good location. Whilst, to some extent, additional
expenditure on advertising or other communication or alternatives to creating more
point of sale, in practice there is usually a balance to be achieved between
promotion and place. A massive demand generated by advertising could be lost,
for example if convenient points of access were not available to turn demand in to
sale. Sales promotion and merchandising, which take place at points of sale, are of
course vital activities in travel and tourism marketing, and the possibilities and
the requirements of such promotion reflect and influence the choice of distribution
systems.
The factors which focus attention on supplementary points of sale are:
1. Growing size of business (production capacity).
2. Increasing number of units within a group or chain under one ownership is
linked in marketing cooperatives.
3. Greater distance which customer travelled to reach a unit-- especially where
international travel is involved.
4. The greater importance of drawing in first time rather than repeat visitor, inorder
to grow.
5. Growing competition for shares of market, for which there is excess capacity in
a location.
6. The need to reduce dependence on day-to-day sales by selling capacity ahead of
production, through a reservation system.
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