پنجشنبه ۲۲ شهریور ۰۳ | ۲۱:۱۷ ۸ بازديد
an inherent defect due to defective design or machinery. Information about this
could be ascertained from previous users of the models or trade journals and
newspapers.
Normally, ordinary buses have a seating configuration of 2x3. The width of the bus
is standardized both in respect of ordinary and deluxe buses. The difference lies
only in the type of seats and its interior. The specification such as like total length
and breadth, leg space, size of seat, internal height, overall height, etc., are
governed by the central motor vehicle Rules and deviations from these rules will
entail refusal of the certificate of fitness by transport departments.
A tourist transport operator must have an idea about categorization and layout of
buses. A full size ordinary bus has seating configuration of 35 passenger one seat
each for driver and conductor. Another type of bus is included in the category of
Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV). In this category an ordinary bus consists of
seating capacity of 24+2; and in case of deluxe buses, seating configuration of
18+2. Whatever may be the brand label, standard configuration, in each category
of full size and light commercial vehicles remains the same.
It would be advisable to understand the technical terminology involved in purchase
of buses. Some buses have front overhand and some do not. But, as far as rear
hangs way is concerned tour operators can give specifications for the body
building of vehicles when buying the chassis while specifying body building one
should know the technicalities involved with it, for example, on plain lands the rear
hang way is not permitted to be more than 60% of wheel base, whereas in case of
hills (more particularly in Garhwal) it is restricted up to 50% of wheel base.
However, this restriction is not applicable in the hills of Himachal Pradesh.
3) Jeeps: In the business of tourist transport, jeeps are used for jungle safaris,
desert safaris and, of course, mount in safaris. If the tourist transporter operates
such safaris he may go in for investing and creating an infrastructure of jeeps.
Jeeps are of two types:
a) Two wheel drive
b) Four wheel drive
Four wheels drive jeeps an ideal for uneven and mountainous terrains.
Transport Services in Tourism ETS-104
91
Parking Facility: It is always better to have dedicated parking facilities instead of
parking vehicles on the roadside and/ or blocking the passage of heighbours and
pedestrians. It is not only a legal requirement specified in the permit issued by
Transport Department, but it also adds to the safety and security of the vehicles. In
case the operator has his own parking facilities, a lot of logistical problems are
solved apart from keeping the vehicles safe and secure. These logistic problems
arise while conducting the actual operations and can be experienced only
practically. Depending upon the size of the parking space Public Address System
may be installed for communication with the drivers are other operation staff.
Parking management includes strategies that result in more efficient use of parking
resources.
Maintenance Facilities: Maintenance of motor vehicles is the most intricate part of
total operations. Any lapse on this account can result in severe discomfort and
inconvenience to customers. Any breakdown due to poor maintenance not only
results in to financial loss but can also result in loosing clients permanently. Some
of the precautions that are advisable for the proper maintenance of transport fleet
are:
• In the present high-tech world no customer would expect a breakdown in the
vehicle or poor maintenance thereof. Besides the mechanical maintenance, it is
essential that the vehicles are aesthetically maintained in firm conditions.
Experience shows that very few drivers are genuinely interested in the
maintenance of vehicles. Also they do not have the right competencies in
evaluating a defect in the vehicle. It has generally been seen that a driver may
come back and report a fault in the wheel, but the actual defect would be in the
gearbox, because in both the cases extra noise is noticed. Under such conditions
the maintenance manager and supervisor need to be highly skilled and experienced
so as not to depend only on the report of the driver; instead conduct an inspection
themselves before embarking upon remedial action.
• In the present quality conscious automobile environment, it is always advisable to
follow the manufacturer's schedule of maintenance. Today's theory is preventive
maintenance and not post-defect maintenance. Preventive maintenance may
92
initially sound to be expensive, but it will always be paying in the long run.
• Proper record should be kept for each vehicle in respect of its maintenance.
The maintenance schedule as given by the manufacturer, should be fed in
the computer. The software should be so designed that even at the time of
booking and allocating the vehicle for any booking, the service due in
respect of each vehicle should be reflected in the system, e.g., if a vehicle is
to go to Kullu-Manali for I5 days and routine service is due in the next 500
kms., if not taken care of and sent for the booking, oil filter may get
chocked and vehicle will breakdown on the way.
• It is advisable that CEO/COO (Chief Executive/Operating Officer) should
hold regular meetings with maintenance and booking staff in order to co-
ordinate, supervise and implement various maintenance Issues.
Communication Facilities: Like in any other business, communication facilities
in transportation are the vital link from all angles of the activity whether it is
customer communication or communication with operational staff. Means of
communication have to be fast and wide connectivity should be available. It is
important that operational office should have multiple means of communication,
such as adequate number of telephones, fax, and e-mail connectivity, etc.
Operational staff must possess mobile phones or pagers. The most economical way
of keeping in touch with the drivers is through pager system. One message in the
pager at times, can resolve multiple and complex problems.
Selling Network: It is universal truth that selling is the most crucial part of any
business. The three Ps of selling, i.e., Publicity, Public Relations and Personal
Selling are equally applicable in the Transport business. Even the vehicles plying
on roads can achieve the desired level of publicity. Coaches have a wider
exposure and a greater publicity value in relation to cars. Therefore, the exterior
of coaches should be having a uniform colour. Scheme, promptly displaying the
company’s monogram and company’s name written in specific style.
Capital Requirements: Passenger transport industry is highly capital intensive.
The value of the Capital Goods, viz., the vehicle, unlike other industrial capital
goods and machinery, depreciate rapidly resulting in scrapping within a period of 6
Transport Services in Tourism ETS-104
93
to 7 years. The value of a new passenger vehicle is now around 9 to 10 lakhs.
Given the high incidence of insurance premium, road and passenger tax levied by
various states and staff emoluments. Maintenance cost and given the fact that most
of the vehicles are under-utilised, the margin is under severe pressure. Added to
these is the absence of mandatory requirement to order readjustment of passenger
fare with reference to the increase or decrease in input cost. This deficiency is
always exploited by the States for political considerations. As a result, operators
postpone replacements and continue using vehicles, which guzzle precious fuel and
pollute the atmosphere.
The Government has given such encouragements to car and two wheeler
manufacturers that lines of cars and two wheelers clog the arteries, impeding
movements of buses, which cater to the masses. Government seems to have put a
premium on personal transportation rather than public transport. In order to start a
tourist transport business, capital is required in various areas like. Setting up of an
office either on ownership basis or on lease basis, Purchasing vehicles, Garage and
maintenance workshop, Workshop equipment’s, marketing and sales material and
Working capital.
Investments made in real estate have always been believed to be sound
investments. Setting up of an office in premises owned by the operator himself is
always advisable, as not only it becomes a sound investment for times to come, but
it also facilitates a permanent address. Therefore, to have an office on lease basis is
comparatively disadvantageous. These decisions may vary depending upon the size
of the operation and the operator’s own financial standing. Loans are of course
available from different financial institutions but, at the same time, substantial
amount of margin money is required from the promoter.
Keeping the above in view it is always better to own the premises instead of
leasing it. After identifying area the operator should look for a suitable premises
based on planning and forecasting. While identifying the premises, the possibility
of expansion should also be examined.
Ideally, the land cost of office and garage should not be more than 20% of the
capital deployed for vehicles. Total project can be financial by a financial
institution, private finance companies and banks. These days it is very convenient
94
and easy to get the vehicles financed even to the extent of 95% of the cost of the
vehicle. However, it is always recommended that the ideal financing parameter
should be adopted, according to which 20% should be contributed on margin
money by the entrepreneur and 80% financed by the finance company. The
requirement of capital on account of margin money for an estimated cost for
purchase of 20 vehicles (Rs.1.5 crores) shall be Rs.30 lakhs. In other words, Rs.30
lakhs plus another 53 lakhs on account of other expenses would be required.
Funding Options Available for Passenger Transport Infrastructure Development in
India: Passenger Transport in India is treated as public utility service in view of its
requirement of heavy initial capital investment and providing essential service to
the common man. For generation of additional resources in any of the financial
options, an effective institutional framework with a general commitment to
implement it is needed. On similar lines, integrated transport planning is equally
essential to plan and execute capital-intensive projects in transport operations.
Development of coordinated transport plans and execution of resulting
infrastructure projects is very necessary.
Private capital has to be attracted in such infrastructure projects encouraging the
same in different optional schemes presently available, like BOOT (Build, Own,
Operate and Transfer), BOT (Build, Operate and Transfer), etc. For this purpose
necessary amendment, if required, in Industrial Policy Resolution and other
legislations are needed in order to open the projects for private sector construction
and operation. Railways Act may be amended to allow private enterprise to operate
services on BOOT principle and to set the passenger fares on commercial lines
without seeking prior approval of the Government. Various tax and fiscal benefits
are also to be extended to projects under BOOT scheme. Necessary provisions in
project cost should also be made in all projects of BOOT for adjusting the risk of
devaluation of Indian Rupee in respect of borrowings in foreign currency.
For funding any new project for passenger transport and also for survival of the
existing transport system, the important source is the fare box revenue. The
passenger fare should be allowed to be regularly adjusted according to the increase
in input costs from time to time. This fare box revenue has to be supplemented by
Transport Services in Tourism ETS-104
95
commercial exploitation of railways and road transport wherever feasible, as stated
earlier.
The scope for raising debt finance though limited should also be considered. These
limitations arise due to lack of good track record of profitability, non-availability
of marketable assets during the construction phase, and high starting risk due to
uncertainty of attracting senior lenders like the World Bank, the Asian
Development Bank (ADB), etc. For raising debt finance, the selection of debt
instruments with appropriate tax exemptions in the Indian context is needed. The
public can be approached to purchase debt instruments, such as, Deep Discount
Bonds with substantial tax benefits.
Equity contribution from different sections for funding projects in railways and
road passenger transports has to be tapped. This will come from the promoters, the
governments, the contractors building the projects and supplying machinery, etc.,
property developers and the private investors like Banks and other Financial
Institutions in India. In the tourism sector in India, Tourism Finance Corporation of
India (TFCI) is playing a major role in financing tourism projects. Public issues for
capital projects, when backed by Government can also attract good response from
investors in India.
For any type of funding measures, full support and cooperation from the Central
and the State Governments is essential. This support will be mainly in the form of
timely clearance of the various procedures and formalities in the preparation of
BOOT projects. Such projects have to be declared by the Government as of
national importance and all possible concessions are to be provided for.
Check Your Progress:
Answer the following question:
1. Give a few examples of distributional channels in tourist transport.
2. CRS and GDS stand for _________________ and ____________________.
3. Give a few examples of CRS/GDS in tourist transport.
4. Mention 3 major operational requirements for tour operational business.
5. Name the major financial institution in tourism sector in India.
6. Give an example of on-line distribution in air transport.
96
Check your answer with the one given at the end of the unit.
4.4 Summary:
Most of the tourism organizations have limited production units, especially in
transport sector, as a result there is a need for developing distribution or access
system, but the overriding reason is to generate sales revenue additional to what
may be sustained solely by a good location.
Distribution is one of the four aspects of marketing where a distributor is the
middleman between the manufacturer and retailer. Therefore, we can call
distributional channel as a set of independent organizations involved in the process
of making a product or service available to the consumer or business users.
Distribution channel moves goods from producers to consumers. It over-
comes the time, place, and possession gaps that separate goods and from
those who would use them. Members of the marketing channel perform many
functions, such as, Information, Promotion, finding and communicating with
prospective buyers, matching - shaping and fitting the product to the buyer's
needs, negotiations , physical distribution, financing, etc.
There are a number of Channels, such as, direct marketing channel, retailer,
wholesaler etc. In tourism transport, major types of distribution channels
are travel agents, tour operators and specialists, tour brokers, motivational
houses, etc. A wide usage of Internet and on-line CRS and GDS are also
being used as distributional channels, which has not only enhanced their
distributional role but has also provided qualitative, timely and updated
information.
Tourist transport operations bring together human resources, physical resources,
financial resources and technology, etc. to produce goods and services in order to
satisfy the customer’s needs. Therefore, operations refer to the way in which
organization transforms input into output, i.e., transforming resources in to goods
or services. Each operation adds value to some entity through a variety of means.
This may include a change in the form of or state of inputs or value additions
through locations or inspections. For example, a taxi available at the exit point of
Transport Services in Tourism ETS-104
97
an airport adds value to the service in comparison to a person travelling
independently.
There are various operational requirements for the smooth conduct of transport
business. Though such requirements depend upon a large number of factors, such
as, type of business, location, type of product, legal framework, production
process, existing market conditions etc. But, in common practice various
operational requirements are vehicles, well-equipped office, trained manpower,
parking garage, maintenance facilities, communication facilities, and selling
network, etc.
4.5 Answer to Check Your Progress:
1. Travel agents, Tour Operators, CRS/GDS.
2. Computer Reseravation System and Global Distribution System.
3. Amadeus, Galileo, Sabre, Abacus.
4. Office, Manpower, Capital Requirement.
5. TFCI (Tourism Finance Corporation of India)
6. E-ticketing.
4.6 Suggested Readings:
Burkart, A.J. and Medlik, S., (1974), Tourism: Past, Present and Future,
Heinmann, London,
Bhatia, A.,K., (2001),Tourism Development-Principle
could be ascertained from previous users of the models or trade journals and
newspapers.
Normally, ordinary buses have a seating configuration of 2x3. The width of the bus
is standardized both in respect of ordinary and deluxe buses. The difference lies
only in the type of seats and its interior. The specification such as like total length
and breadth, leg space, size of seat, internal height, overall height, etc., are
governed by the central motor vehicle Rules and deviations from these rules will
entail refusal of the certificate of fitness by transport departments.
A tourist transport operator must have an idea about categorization and layout of
buses. A full size ordinary bus has seating configuration of 35 passenger one seat
each for driver and conductor. Another type of bus is included in the category of
Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV). In this category an ordinary bus consists of
seating capacity of 24+2; and in case of deluxe buses, seating configuration of
18+2. Whatever may be the brand label, standard configuration, in each category
of full size and light commercial vehicles remains the same.
It would be advisable to understand the technical terminology involved in purchase
of buses. Some buses have front overhand and some do not. But, as far as rear
hangs way is concerned tour operators can give specifications for the body
building of vehicles when buying the chassis while specifying body building one
should know the technicalities involved with it, for example, on plain lands the rear
hang way is not permitted to be more than 60% of wheel base, whereas in case of
hills (more particularly in Garhwal) it is restricted up to 50% of wheel base.
However, this restriction is not applicable in the hills of Himachal Pradesh.
3) Jeeps: In the business of tourist transport, jeeps are used for jungle safaris,
desert safaris and, of course, mount in safaris. If the tourist transporter operates
such safaris he may go in for investing and creating an infrastructure of jeeps.
Jeeps are of two types:
a) Two wheel drive
b) Four wheel drive
Four wheels drive jeeps an ideal for uneven and mountainous terrains.
91
Parking Facility: It is always better to have dedicated parking facilities instead of
parking vehicles on the roadside and/ or blocking the passage of heighbours and
pedestrians. It is not only a legal requirement specified in the permit issued by
Transport Department, but it also adds to the safety and security of the vehicles. In
case the operator has his own parking facilities, a lot of logistical problems are
solved apart from keeping the vehicles safe and secure. These logistic problems
arise while conducting the actual operations and can be experienced only
practically. Depending upon the size of the parking space Public Address System
may be installed for communication with the drivers are other operation staff.
Parking management includes strategies that result in more efficient use of parking
resources.
Maintenance Facilities: Maintenance of motor vehicles is the most intricate part of
total operations. Any lapse on this account can result in severe discomfort and
inconvenience to customers. Any breakdown due to poor maintenance not only
results in to financial loss but can also result in loosing clients permanently. Some
of the precautions that are advisable for the proper maintenance of transport fleet
are:
• In the present high-tech world no customer would expect a breakdown in the
vehicle or poor maintenance thereof. Besides the mechanical maintenance, it is
essential that the vehicles are aesthetically maintained in firm conditions.
Experience shows that very few drivers are genuinely interested in the
maintenance of vehicles. Also they do not have the right competencies in
evaluating a defect in the vehicle. It has generally been seen that a driver may
come back and report a fault in the wheel, but the actual defect would be in the
gearbox, because in both the cases extra noise is noticed. Under such conditions
the maintenance manager and supervisor need to be highly skilled and experienced
so as not to depend only on the report of the driver; instead conduct an inspection
themselves before embarking upon remedial action.
• In the present quality conscious automobile environment, it is always advisable to
follow the manufacturer's schedule of maintenance. Today's theory is preventive
maintenance and not post-defect maintenance. Preventive maintenance may
initially sound to be expensive, but it will always be paying in the long run.
• Proper record should be kept for each vehicle in respect of its maintenance.
The maintenance schedule as given by the manufacturer, should be fed in
the computer. The software should be so designed that even at the time of
booking and allocating the vehicle for any booking, the service due in
respect of each vehicle should be reflected in the system, e.g., if a vehicle is
to go to Kullu-Manali for I5 days and routine service is due in the next 500
kms., if not taken care of and sent for the booking, oil filter may get
chocked and vehicle will breakdown on the way.
• It is advisable that CEO/COO (Chief Executive/Operating Officer) should
hold regular meetings with maintenance and booking staff in order to co-
ordinate, supervise and implement various maintenance Issues.
Communication Facilities: Like in any other business, communication facilities
in transportation are the vital link from all angles of the activity whether it is
customer communication or communication with operational staff. Means of
communication have to be fast and wide connectivity should be available. It is
important that operational office should have multiple means of communication,
such as adequate number of telephones, fax, and e-mail connectivity, etc.
Operational staff must possess mobile phones or pagers. The most economical way
of keeping in touch with the drivers is through pager system. One message in the
pager at times, can resolve multiple and complex problems.
Selling Network: It is universal truth that selling is the most crucial part of any
business. The three Ps of selling, i.e., Publicity, Public Relations and Personal
Selling are equally applicable in the Transport business. Even the vehicles plying
on roads can achieve the desired level of publicity. Coaches have a wider
exposure and a greater publicity value in relation to cars. Therefore, the exterior
of coaches should be having a uniform colour. Scheme, promptly displaying the
company’s monogram and company’s name written in specific style.
Capital Requirements: Passenger transport industry is highly capital intensive.
The value of the Capital Goods, viz., the vehicle, unlike other industrial capital
goods and machinery, depreciate rapidly resulting in scrapping within a period of 6
93
to 7 years. The value of a new passenger vehicle is now around 9 to 10 lakhs.
Given the high incidence of insurance premium, road and passenger tax levied by
various states and staff emoluments. Maintenance cost and given the fact that most
of the vehicles are under-utilised, the margin is under severe pressure. Added to
these is the absence of mandatory requirement to order readjustment of passenger
fare with reference to the increase or decrease in input cost. This deficiency is
always exploited by the States for political considerations. As a result, operators
postpone replacements and continue using vehicles, which guzzle precious fuel and
pollute the atmosphere.
The Government has given such encouragements to car and two wheeler
manufacturers that lines of cars and two wheelers clog the arteries, impeding
movements of buses, which cater to the masses. Government seems to have put a
premium on personal transportation rather than public transport. In order to start a
tourist transport business, capital is required in various areas like. Setting up of an
office either on ownership basis or on lease basis, Purchasing vehicles, Garage and
maintenance workshop, Workshop equipment’s, marketing and sales material and
Working capital.
Investments made in real estate have always been believed to be sound
investments. Setting up of an office in premises owned by the operator himself is
always advisable, as not only it becomes a sound investment for times to come, but
it also facilitates a permanent address. Therefore, to have an office on lease basis is
comparatively disadvantageous. These decisions may vary depending upon the size
of the operation and the operator’s own financial standing. Loans are of course
available from different financial institutions but, at the same time, substantial
amount of margin money is required from the promoter.
Keeping the above in view it is always better to own the premises instead of
leasing it. After identifying area the operator should look for a suitable premises
based on planning and forecasting. While identifying the premises, the possibility
of expansion should also be examined.
Ideally, the land cost of office and garage should not be more than 20% of the
capital deployed for vehicles. Total project can be financial by a financial
institution, private finance companies and banks. These days it is very convenient
and easy to get the vehicles financed even to the extent of 95% of the cost of the
vehicle. However, it is always recommended that the ideal financing parameter
should be adopted, according to which 20% should be contributed on margin
money by the entrepreneur and 80% financed by the finance company. The
requirement of capital on account of margin money for an estimated cost for
purchase of 20 vehicles (Rs.1.5 crores) shall be Rs.30 lakhs. In other words, Rs.30
lakhs plus another 53 lakhs on account of other expenses would be required.
Funding Options Available for Passenger Transport Infrastructure Development in
India: Passenger Transport in India is treated as public utility service in view of its
requirement of heavy initial capital investment and providing essential service to
the common man. For generation of additional resources in any of the financial
options, an effective institutional framework with a general commitment to
implement it is needed. On similar lines, integrated transport planning is equally
essential to plan and execute capital-intensive projects in transport operations.
Development of coordinated transport plans and execution of resulting
infrastructure projects is very necessary.
Private capital has to be attracted in such infrastructure projects encouraging the
same in different optional schemes presently available, like BOOT (Build, Own,
Operate and Transfer), BOT (Build, Operate and Transfer), etc. For this purpose
necessary amendment, if required, in Industrial Policy Resolution and other
legislations are needed in order to open the projects for private sector construction
and operation. Railways Act may be amended to allow private enterprise to operate
services on BOOT principle and to set the passenger fares on commercial lines
without seeking prior approval of the Government. Various tax and fiscal benefits
are also to be extended to projects under BOOT scheme. Necessary provisions in
project cost should also be made in all projects of BOOT for adjusting the risk of
devaluation of Indian Rupee in respect of borrowings in foreign currency.
For funding any new project for passenger transport and also for survival of the
existing transport system, the important source is the fare box revenue. The
passenger fare should be allowed to be regularly adjusted according to the increase
in input costs from time to time. This fare box revenue has to be supplemented by
95
commercial exploitation of railways and road transport wherever feasible, as stated
earlier.
The scope for raising debt finance though limited should also be considered. These
limitations arise due to lack of good track record of profitability, non-availability
of marketable assets during the construction phase, and high starting risk due to
uncertainty of attracting senior lenders like the World Bank, the Asian
Development Bank (ADB), etc. For raising debt finance, the selection of debt
instruments with appropriate tax exemptions in the Indian context is needed. The
public can be approached to purchase debt instruments, such as, Deep Discount
Bonds with substantial tax benefits.
Equity contribution from different sections for funding projects in railways and
road passenger transports has to be tapped. This will come from the promoters, the
governments, the contractors building the projects and supplying machinery, etc.,
property developers and the private investors like Banks and other Financial
Institutions in India. In the tourism sector in India, Tourism Finance Corporation of
India (TFCI) is playing a major role in financing tourism projects. Public issues for
capital projects, when backed by Government can also attract good response from
investors in India.
For any type of funding measures, full support and cooperation from the Central
and the State Governments is essential. This support will be mainly in the form of
timely clearance of the various procedures and formalities in the preparation of
BOOT projects. Such projects have to be declared by the Government as of
national importance and all possible concessions are to be provided for.
Check Your Progress:
Answer the following question:
1. Give a few examples of distributional channels in tourist transport.
2. CRS and GDS stand for _________________ and ____________________.
3. Give a few examples of CRS/GDS in tourist transport.
4. Mention 3 major operational requirements for tour operational business.
5. Name the major financial institution in tourism sector in India.
6. Give an example of on-line distribution in air transport.
Check your answer with the one given at the end of the unit.
4.4 Summary:
Most of the tourism organizations have limited production units, especially in
transport sector, as a result there is a need for developing distribution or access
system, but the overriding reason is to generate sales revenue additional to what
may be sustained solely by a good location.
Distribution is one of the four aspects of marketing where a distributor is the
middleman between the manufacturer and retailer. Therefore, we can call
distributional channel as a set of independent organizations involved in the process
of making a product or service available to the consumer or business users.
Distribution channel moves goods from producers to consumers. It over-
comes the time, place, and possession gaps that separate goods and from
those who would use them. Members of the marketing channel perform many
functions, such as, Information, Promotion, finding and communicating with
prospective buyers, matching - shaping and fitting the product to the buyer's
needs, negotiations , physical distribution, financing, etc.
There are a number of Channels, such as, direct marketing channel, retailer,
wholesaler etc. In tourism transport, major types of distribution channels
are travel agents, tour operators and specialists, tour brokers, motivational
houses, etc. A wide usage of Internet and on-line CRS and GDS are also
being used as distributional channels, which has not only enhanced their
distributional role but has also provided qualitative, timely and updated
information.
Tourist transport operations bring together human resources, physical resources,
financial resources and technology, etc. to produce goods and services in order to
satisfy the customer’s needs. Therefore, operations refer to the way in which
organization transforms input into output, i.e., transforming resources in to goods
or services. Each operation adds value to some entity through a variety of means.
This may include a change in the form of or state of inputs or value additions
through locations or inspections. For example, a taxi available at the exit point of
97
an airport adds value to the service in comparison to a person travelling
independently.
There are various operational requirements for the smooth conduct of transport
business. Though such requirements depend upon a large number of factors, such
as, type of business, location, type of product, legal framework, production
process, existing market conditions etc. But, in common practice various
operational requirements are vehicles, well-equipped office, trained manpower,
parking garage, maintenance facilities, communication facilities, and selling
network, etc.
4.5 Answer to Check Your Progress:
1. Travel agents, Tour Operators, CRS/GDS.
2. Computer Reseravation System and Global Distribution System.
3. Amadeus, Galileo, Sabre, Abacus.
4. Office, Manpower, Capital Requirement.
5. TFCI (Tourism Finance Corporation of India)
6. E-ticketing.
4.6 Suggested Readings:
Burkart, A.J. and Medlik, S., (1974), Tourism: Past, Present and Future,
Heinmann, London,
Bhatia, A.,K., (2001),Tourism Development-Principle
dfs3434