شنبه ۲۴ شهریور ۰۳ | ۲۳:۴۰ ۱۲ بازديد
Innovation with equity
89 Gettinger, 2015
90 TechSci Research, 2018
91 Lanjudkar, 2017
92 Lanjudkar, 2017
93 Freedonia, 2020
94 Jenkins and Vasigh, 2013
95 Radovic, 2019
96 Schmidt, 2017; Philippidis, 2018; Acharya, 2019
97 GlobeNewswire, 2019a
98 Hercher, 2018
99 GlobeNewswire, 2019b
100 GlobeNewswire, 2019a
101 GlobeNewswire, 2019a; MarketWatch, 2019b, 2019f; Plumer et al., 2018
102 Thompson, 2017
103 Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 2019a, 2019b
104 Venture Radar, 2020
105 Cox, 2019; Nano.gov, 2020
106 Parker, 2016
107 Tewari and Baul, 2019
108 MarketWatch, 2019h
109 MarketWatch, 2019h
110 MarketWatch, 2019h
111 CareerExplorer, 2020b
112 Peterson’s, 2017
113 Infiniti Research, 2017; Lapping, 2017; Zong, 2019
114 Doshi, 2017
115 Sendy, 2018
116 Chamberlain, 2018
117 Shoham et al., 2018
118 Shoham et al., 2018
Innovation with equity
TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION REPORT 2021126
Figure 03
Conceptual framework from frontier technologies to inequalities
Source: UNCTAD.
Frontier
technology X
Other
technologies
InnovationDesign
Business
model
Other products
(goods or services)
& resources
Social and political
context
National Innovation
System
Actors
Interlinkages
Environment for
innovation
+
Technical
characteristics
Market
characteristics
Unit cost
Weight/Size/Color
Aesthetics/usability
Interface
Performance
Requirements
Target user
Unit price
Distribution channels
Instantiations
of technical
characteristics
Product Y
(good or service)
Characteristics
Security, Transportation,
Communication, Protection,
Nourishment, Comfort
Place and time
Conversion factors
Social context
Environmental
factors
Personal
characteristics
Social context
Environmental
factors
Personal
characteristics
Family, Social network, Culture,
Tradition, Biases, Discriminations
Prejudices
Mountain/desert, Urban/rural,
Climate
*******/gender/age, Physical
characteristics, Physical &
Psychological situation
Capabilities
to function
Person Person Person Person... Person Person Person Person...
Choices that
people make
Consequences
Intended or
unintended
Other Zero
hunger
Income
inequality
Health
inequality
Environmental
degradation
Climate
change
Gender
inequality
Poverty
reduction
Innovation with equity
However, having the access (in the broader definition used above) to the products that use frontier
technologies, and therefore the capabilities associated with them, does not mean that a person
realizes those capabilities automatically. It depends on the choices that people make. The aggregation
of the choices that people make (including people who do not have access to the products that apply
frontier technologies) affect developmental outcomes such as inequality (in its various dimensions),
poverty reduction, environmental protection, and climate change. These consequences do not
have to necessarily move in the same direction (towards positive outcomes). An innovation applying
frontier technology could, for example, contribute to reducing poverty (e.g. use of blockchain to
enable a cryptocurrency that can be used to send remittances) and at the same time be harmful to
the environment (e.g. high need for energy in some of the cryptocurrency systems).
Products and services can also reduce the capabilities of people, either directly, for example when a
person takes a particular medicine, and that causes a severe adverse side effect, or indirectly through
some externality of the use by other people, for example through pollution. Therefore, technologies
are used in products that could benefit or harm people. In fact, it is possible that technologies are
beneficial for some people and harm some other people at the same time. Or even that it benefits
some people in some dimension (e.g. economic) and harm some of these same people in some other
dimension (e.g. environmental).
These implications of the products that apply the technology could be intended or unintended
consequences, based on the design and business model of the provision of the products.
The products that use frontier technologies are the fruit of innovations that emerge from the national
system of innovation. Therefore, these innovations reflect the context and biases of the actors of the
innovation system. Technology in itself is not neutral as it is developed in specific social and political
contexts which shape its attributes.
In summary, the design and business models affect the access (in broader terms) to the products that
apply frontier technologies, which could affect inequalities. Those that have access to the technology
first get an advantage. Inequalities in access to frontier technologies are the result of existing disparities
and reinforce those inequalities. Design and business models could also affect the consequences of
the use of the products that apply frontier technologies, intentionally or unintentionally, also affecting
inequalities (among other developmental outcomes). Therefore, to contribute to reducing inequalities
and to sustainable development, products that use frontier technologies should be designed, and the
business models to bring them into the market should be developed, taking into consideration the
access to these products and the intended and unintended consequences of their use.
1 Sen, 2000
2 Johnstone, 2007; Kleine, 2011, 2013; Oosterlaken, 2013, 2015
3 Roberts, 2017; Hernandez and Roberts, 2018
Innovation with equity
ANNEX D. AI ETHICS FRAMEWORKS,
GUIDELINES, AND STATEMENTS
Organization / Institution Title Region Sector Year Type
Academy of Medical Royal
Colleges
Artificial Intelligence in
Healthcare
United
Kingdom
Academia 2019 Advice
Accenture Universal Principles of Data
Ethics
United States Private sector 2016 Advice
Accenture UK Responsible AI and robotics. An
ethical framework
United
Kingdom
Private sector 2018 Advice
ADEL ADEL France Private sector 2018 Binding
agreement
Advisory Board on Artificial
Intelligence and Human
Society
Report on Artificial Intelligence
and Human Society (Unofficial
translation)
Japan Government 2017 Advice
Agenzia per l'Italia Digitale
(AGID)
L’intelligenzia artificiale al
servizio del cittadino (Artificial
Intelligence at the service of
the citizen)
Italy Government 2018 Advice
AI Now Institut AI Now Report 2018 United States Academia 2018 Advice
American College of
Radiology; European
Society of Radiology;
Radiology Society of
North America; Society
for Imaging Informatics
in Medicine; European
Society of Medical Imaging
Informatics; Canadian
Association of Radiologists;
American Association of
Physicists in Medicine
Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
in Radiology: Summary of
the Joint European and
North American Multisociety
Statement
International Professional
association
2019 Advice
American Medical
Association (AMA)
Policy Advices on Augmented
Intelligence in Health Care
H-480.940
United States Professional
association
2018 Advice
Amnesty International/
Access Now
The Toronto Declaration United
Kingdom
Civil society 2018 Advice
Aptiv, Audi, BMW, Daimler
and other automotive
companies
Safety First for Automated
Driving – Proposed technical
standards for the development
of Automated Driving
International Private sector 2019 Voluntary
commitment
Association for Computing
Machinery
Statement on Algorithmic
Transparency and
Accountability
United States Industry
association
2017 Binding
agreement
Association for Computing
Machinery - Future of
Computing Machinery
It’s Time to Do Something:
Mitigating the Negative
Impacts of Computing Through
a Change to the Peer Review
Process
United States Industry
association
2019 Advice
Atomium - EISMD
(AI4Poeple)
AI4People’s Ethical Framework
for a Good AI Society:
Opportunities, Risks, Principles,
and Advices
European
Union
Civil society 2018 Advice
Australian Government/
Department of industry,
Innovation and Science
Artificial Intelligence Australia’s
Ethics Framework A Discussion
Paper
Australia Government 2019 Advice
Innovation with equity
TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION REPORT 2021130
DGB Künstliche Intelligenz und die
Arbeit von Morgen
Germany Civil society 2019 Advice
Digital Catapult, Machine
Intelligence Garage Ethics
Committee
Ethics Framework -Responsible
AI
United
Kingdom
Private sector 2020 Advice
Dubai Artificial Intelligence Ethics
and Principles, and toolkit for
implementation
United Arab
Emirates
Government 2019 Advice
Ekspertgruppen om Design:
malenehald.dk DATAETIK
(Danish Expert Group on
Data Ethics)
Data for the Benefit of the
People: Advices from the
Danish Expert Group on Data
Ethics
Denmark Government 2018 Advice
Engineering and Physical
Research Council
Principles of Robotics United
Kingdom
Government 2010 Advice
Ethikbeirat HR Tech (Ethics
council HR Tech)
PDF: Richtlinien für den
verantwortungsvollen Einsatz
von Künstlicher Intelligenz und
weiteren digitalen Technologize
in der Personalarbeit
(Guidelines for the responsible
use of artificial intelligence
and other digital technologies
in human resources);
Consultation document
Germany Private sector 2019 Voluntary
commitment
Ethkikkommission BuMi
Verkehr und digitale
infrastruktur
Automatisiertes und Vernetztes
Fahren / Automated and
connected automated driving
Germany Government 2017 Advice
European Commision For
the Efficiency of Justice
European ethical Charter on
the use of Artificial Intelligence
in judicial systems and their
environment
International Government 2018 Advice
European Commission Code of Practice on
Disinformation
European
Union
Government 2018 Advice
European Group on Ethics
in Science and New
Technologies
Statement on Artificial
Intelligence, Robotics and
Autonomous Systems
European
Union
Government 2018 Advice
European Parliament Report with Advices to the
Commission on Civil Law Rules
on Robotics
European
Union
Government 2017 Advice
Executive Office of the
President; National Science
and Technology Council;
Committee on Technology
Preparing for the future of
Artificial Intelligence
United States Government 2016 Advice
Faculty of Informatics, TU
Wien
Vienna Manifesto on Digital
Humanism
Austria Academia 2019 Voluntary
commitment
FAT/ML Principles for Accountable
Algorithms and a Social Impact
Statement for Algorithms
International Civil society n/a Advice
Fraunhofer Institute for
Intelligent Analysis and
Information Systems IAIS
Trustworthy Use of Artifici
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