سه شنبه ۲۷ شهریور ۰۳ | ۱۷:۵۴ ۶ بازديد
in power plants and industrial heating applications:
Distillate oils: These are higher-quality oils that are highly refined. They contain
much less sulfur compared to residual oils. A typical composition of distillate oils is
87.2 percent carbon, 12.5 percent hydrogen, and 0.3 percent sulfur. The higher heating
value for this composition is 45,200 kJ/kg.
Residual oils: These oils undergo less refining. They are thicker with higher molecular
mass, higher level of impurities, and higher sulfur content. A typical composition is
85.6 percent carbon, 9.7 percent hydrogen, 2.3 percent sulfur, 1.2 percent nitrogen,
0.8 percent oxygen, 0.1 percent ash, and 0.3 percent moisture. The higher heating value
for this composition is 42,500 kJ/kg.
Natural Gas
Natural gas is mostly methane (CH4) where its percentage varies between 60 and 98 percent.
It also contains small amounts of ethane, propane, butane, nitrogen, oxygen, helium, CO2,
and other gases. It exists as a gas under atmospheric conditions and is stored as a gas under
high pressure (15 to 25 MPa). It is mostly transported in gas phase by pipelines in and
between cities and countries. When pipeline transportation is not feasible, it is first lique-
fied to about −160°C using advanced refrigeration technologies before being carried in
large insulated tanks in marine ships. Natural gas is used in boilers for space heating, hot
water and steam generation, industrial furnaces, power plants for electricity production,
and internal combustion engines.
The higher and lower heating values of methane are 55,530 kJ/kg and 50,050 kJ/kg,
respectively. The heating value of natural gas depends mainly on the fraction of methane.
The higher is the methane fraction, the higher is the heating value. Natural gas is commonly
approximated as methane without much sacrifice in a
Distillate oils: These are higher-quality oils that are highly refined. They contain
much less sulfur compared to residual oils. A typical composition of distillate oils is
87.2 percent carbon, 12.5 percent hydrogen, and 0.3 percent sulfur. The higher heating
value for this composition is 45,200 kJ/kg.
Residual oils: These oils undergo less refining. They are thicker with higher molecular
mass, higher level of impurities, and higher sulfur content. A typical composition is
85.6 percent carbon, 9.7 percent hydrogen, 2.3 percent sulfur, 1.2 percent nitrogen,
0.8 percent oxygen, 0.1 percent ash, and 0.3 percent moisture. The higher heating value
for this composition is 42,500 kJ/kg.
Natural Gas
Natural gas is mostly methane (CH4) where its percentage varies between 60 and 98 percent.
It also contains small amounts of ethane, propane, butane, nitrogen, oxygen, helium, CO2,
and other gases. It exists as a gas under atmospheric conditions and is stored as a gas under
high pressure (15 to 25 MPa). It is mostly transported in gas phase by pipelines in and
between cities and countries. When pipeline transportation is not feasible, it is first lique-
fied to about −160°C using advanced refrigeration technologies before being carried in
large insulated tanks in marine ships. Natural gas is used in boilers for space heating, hot
water and steam generation, industrial furnaces, power plants for electricity production,
and internal combustion engines.
The higher and lower heating values of methane are 55,530 kJ/kg and 50,050 kJ/kg,
respectively. The heating value of natural gas depends mainly on the fraction of methane.
The higher is the methane fraction, the higher is the heating value. Natural gas is commonly
approximated as methane without much sacrifice in a
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