سه شنبه ۲۷ شهریور ۰۳ | ۱۷:۵۷ ۱۰ بازديد
arbons vaporize first, forming what we know as gasoline. The less volatile
fuels obtained during distillation are kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oil. The composition of
a particular fuel depends on the source of the crude oil as well as on the refinery.
Although liquid hydrocarbon fuels are mixtures of many different hydrocarbons, they
are usually considered to be a single hydrocarbon for convenience. For example, gasoline
is treated as octane, C8H18, and the diesel fuel as dodecane, C12H26. Another common liquid
hydrocarbon fuel is methyl alcohol, CH3OH, which is also called methanol and is used in
some gasoline blends. The gaseous hydrocarbon fuel natural gas, which is a mixture of
methane and smaller amounts of other gases, is often treated as methane, CH4, for simplicity.
Natural gas is produced from gas wells or oil wells rich in natural gas. It is composed
mainly of methane, but it also contains small amounts of ethane, propane, hydrogen, helium,
carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfate, and water vapor. On vehicles, it is stored either
in the gas phase at pressures of 150 to 250 atm as CNG (compressed natural gas), or in the
liquid phase at -162°C as LNG (liquefied natural gas). Over a million vehicles in the world,
mostly buses, run on natural gas. LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) is a by-product of natural
gas processing or the crude oil refining. It consists mainly of propane and thus LPG is usually
referred to as propane. However, it also contains varying amounts of butane, propylene, and
butylene’s. Propane is commonly used in fleet vehicles, taxis, school buses, and private cars.
Ethanol is obtained from corn, grains, and organic waste. Methanol is produced mostly from
natural gas, but it can also be obtained from coal and biomass. Both alcohols are commonly
used as additives in oxygenated gasoline and reformulated fuels to reduce air pollution.
Vehicles are a major source of air pollutants such as nitric oxides, carbon monoxide,
and hydrocarbon
fuels obtained during distillation are kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oil. The composition of
a particular fuel depends on the source of the crude oil as well as on the refinery.
Although liquid hydrocarbon fuels are mixtures of many different hydrocarbons, they
are usually considered to be a single hydrocarbon for convenience. For example, gasoline
is treated as octane, C8H18, and the diesel fuel as dodecane, C12H26. Another common liquid
hydrocarbon fuel is methyl alcohol, CH3OH, which is also called methanol and is used in
some gasoline blends. The gaseous hydrocarbon fuel natural gas, which is a mixture of
methane and smaller amounts of other gases, is often treated as methane, CH4, for simplicity.
Natural gas is produced from gas wells or oil wells rich in natural gas. It is composed
mainly of methane, but it also contains small amounts of ethane, propane, hydrogen, helium,
carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfate, and water vapor. On vehicles, it is stored either
in the gas phase at pressures of 150 to 250 atm as CNG (compressed natural gas), or in the
liquid phase at -162°C as LNG (liquefied natural gas). Over a million vehicles in the world,
mostly buses, run on natural gas. LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) is a by-product of natural
gas processing or the crude oil refining. It consists mainly of propane and thus LPG is usually
referred to as propane. However, it also contains varying amounts of butane, propylene, and
butylene’s. Propane is commonly used in fleet vehicles, taxis, school buses, and private cars.
Ethanol is obtained from corn, grains, and organic waste. Methanol is produced mostly from
natural gas, but it can also be obtained from coal and biomass. Both alcohols are commonly
used as additives in oxygenated gasoline and reformulated fuels to reduce air pollution.
Vehicles are a major source of air pollutants such as nitric oxides, carbon monoxide,
and hydrocarbon
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