سه شنبه ۲۷ شهریور ۰۳ | ۲۰:۴۶ ۸ بازديد
system, perform
important functions in support of the cultural offer system, sometimes also influencing cultural policy.
For example, the 86 Italian Banking Foundations (“Fondazioni di origine bancaria”), operating for purposes of
social utility and promotion of the economic development of the territory, make significant investments in the
cultural sector. Although these Foundations are private law entities born in the early 90s from the
transformation of the banking system, being non-profit organizations, they can sign agreements with public
institutions, in order to support interventions for the enhancement of cultural heritage. However, it should be
noted that since these entities are concentrated in the northern Regions, they contribute to increasing the
territorial gap with the southern areas (see chapter 4.1.2 and 7.3).
Important subsidiarity functions in the management of the local cultural offer system and in supporting cultural
innovation of the territories are carried out by third sector organizations. It is a heterogeneous galaxy of realities
that in the last 30 years have seen their role progressively recognized and enabled by the institutions.
Already in the 70s and 80s, multipurpose cultural centres were funded by municipalities and run by cultural
associations. ARCI (the Italian Cultural Recreational Association) is the largest and oldest Italian cultural and
social promotion association, with hundreds of thousands of members and many associations and mutual aid
societies throughout the country. It represents cinemas, theatres, music clubs, visual arts galleries, reading
spaces, etc. and the promotion of cultural activities is the core of this associative project (see chapter 6.4).
The third sector reform process, launched in Italy in 2017 and still ongoing, has posed innovative and structural
challenges to a large part of non for profit cultural organizations, but also to small and medium-sized
enterprises operating in the cultural and creative sector. This reform has directly involved, for example, the
phenomenon of “social enterprise”, which carries out one or more business activities on a permanent and main
basis that are of general interest, non-profit making and pursue civic, solidarity and social utility purposes. The
activities permitted by law include, among others, those relating to the “protection and valorisation of cultural
heritage and the landscape”, the “organization and management of cultural, artistic or recreational activities of
social interest” and the “organization and management of tourism activities of social, cultural or religious
interest”. Social enterprises, in addition to a particularly favorable fiscal and tax treatment, can establish
privileged relationships with public bodies, through forms of co-programming, co-planning and accreditation
(see chapter 4.1.2).
16
1.2.6. TRANSVERSAL CO-OPERATION
At a horizontal level, inter-ministerial co-operation has been traditionally pursued by the Ministry of Culture also
by means of memoranda of agreements signed, for instance, with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the field of
international cultural relations, with the Ministry of Education for arts training and education in schools, and
with the Ministry of Justice for carrying out cultural activities in prisons aimed at the rehabilitation of offenders.
A key development in horizontal co-operation has been the participation, since 1999, of the Ministry of Culture in
the Inter-ministerial Committee for Economic Planning (CIPE) of the Ministry for the Economy: a strategic
committee, which is also responsible for the allocation of EU Structural Funds to the Regions in Southern Italy.
Such areas have benefited from several million EUR in capital investments in the cultural field under the
2000-2006, 2007-2013 and 2014-2020 Plans, allocated to operational programmes managed by national and
regional authorities. Their aim was to enhance cultural assets in the five Italian "convergence Regions”
(Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Puglia, Sicilia), not only by boosting safeguarding, but also access, along with the
connected economic activities dealing with the creation of new entrepreneurship, planning and capacity
building.
As for vertical co-operation among government levels, common problems and quite frequent conflicts between
the State and the Regions have often been dealt with in the framework of the State-Regions Conference - also
acting as a sort of “clearing house” for any controversy – and, more rarely, by the Constitutional Court. Actually,
official representation of regional interests in cultural, as in any other matter, is entrusted to the Conference,
where the heads of the regional departments for culture regularly meet to discuss issues of common interest in
two special coordination committees, the Interregional committee for cultural goods and the Interregional
committee for the performing arts, also acting as lobbying organizations, pursuing institutional reforms towards a
full implementation of a more federal governance structure in the cultural field.
1.3. Cultural institutions
1.3.1. OVERVIEW OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS
As highlighted, in the mixed economy system of the Italian cultural policy model, the public sector historically is
the primary funding source for cultural institutions in the field of heritage, museums, archives and libraries, as
well as the performing arts. As previously pointed out, if on the one hand government action is concerned in the
management of cultural institutions, on the other hand, the administrative model has traditionally been one of
direct intervention of public administration by national ministries or regional, provincial and municipal ad hoc
departments.
1.3.2. DATA ON SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS
Table 1: Cultural institutions, by sector and domain
Domain Cultural institutions
(subdomains)
Public
sector
Private
sector
Unspecified
important functions in support of the cultural offer system, sometimes also influencing cultural policy.
For example, the 86 Italian Banking Foundations (“Fondazioni di origine bancaria”), operating for purposes of
social utility and promotion of the economic development of the territory, make significant investments in the
cultural sector. Although these Foundations are private law entities born in the early 90s from the
transformation of the banking system, being non-profit organizations, they can sign agreements with public
institutions, in order to support interventions for the enhancement of cultural heritage. However, it should be
noted that since these entities are concentrated in the northern Regions, they contribute to increasing the
territorial gap with the southern areas (see chapter 4.1.2 and 7.3).
Important subsidiarity functions in the management of the local cultural offer system and in supporting cultural
innovation of the territories are carried out by third sector organizations. It is a heterogeneous galaxy of realities
that in the last 30 years have seen their role progressively recognized and enabled by the institutions.
Already in the 70s and 80s, multipurpose cultural centres were funded by municipalities and run by cultural
associations. ARCI (the Italian Cultural Recreational Association) is the largest and oldest Italian cultural and
social promotion association, with hundreds of thousands of members and many associations and mutual aid
societies throughout the country. It represents cinemas, theatres, music clubs, visual arts galleries, reading
spaces, etc. and the promotion of cultural activities is the core of this associative project (see chapter 6.4).
The third sector reform process, launched in Italy in 2017 and still ongoing, has posed innovative and structural
challenges to a large part of non for profit cultural organizations, but also to small and medium-sized
enterprises operating in the cultural and creative sector. This reform has directly involved, for example, the
phenomenon of “social enterprise”, which carries out one or more business activities on a permanent and main
basis that are of general interest, non-profit making and pursue civic, solidarity and social utility purposes. The
activities permitted by law include, among others, those relating to the “protection and valorisation of cultural
heritage and the landscape”, the “organization and management of cultural, artistic or recreational activities of
social interest” and the “organization and management of tourism activities of social, cultural or religious
interest”. Social enterprises, in addition to a particularly favorable fiscal and tax treatment, can establish
privileged relationships with public bodies, through forms of co-programming, co-planning and accreditation
(see chapter 4.1.2).
1.2.6. TRANSVERSAL CO-OPERATION
At a horizontal level, inter-ministerial co-operation has been traditionally pursued by the Ministry of Culture also
by means of memoranda of agreements signed, for instance, with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the field of
international cultural relations, with the Ministry of Education for arts training and education in schools, and
with the Ministry of Justice for carrying out cultural activities in prisons aimed at the rehabilitation of offenders.
A key development in horizontal co-operation has been the participation, since 1999, of the Ministry of Culture in
the Inter-ministerial Committee for Economic Planning (CIPE) of the Ministry for the Economy: a strategic
committee, which is also responsible for the allocation of EU Structural Funds to the Regions in Southern Italy.
Such areas have benefited from several million EUR in capital investments in the cultural field under the
2000-2006, 2007-2013 and 2014-2020 Plans, allocated to operational programmes managed by national and
regional authorities. Their aim was to enhance cultural assets in the five Italian "convergence Regions”
(Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Puglia, Sicilia), not only by boosting safeguarding, but also access, along with the
connected economic activities dealing with the creation of new entrepreneurship, planning and capacity
building.
As for vertical co-operation among government levels, common problems and quite frequent conflicts between
the State and the Regions have often been dealt with in the framework of the State-Regions Conference - also
acting as a sort of “clearing house” for any controversy – and, more rarely, by the Constitutional Court. Actually,
official representation of regional interests in cultural, as in any other matter, is entrusted to the Conference,
where the heads of the regional departments for culture regularly meet to discuss issues of common interest in
two special coordination committees, the Interregional committee for cultural goods and the Interregional
committee for the performing arts, also acting as lobbying organizations, pursuing institutional reforms towards a
full implementation of a more federal governance structure in the cultural field.
1.3. Cultural institutions
1.3.1. OVERVIEW OF CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS
As highlighted, in the mixed economy system of the Italian cultural policy model, the public sector historically is
the primary funding source for cultural institutions in the field of heritage, museums, archives and libraries, as
well as the performing arts. As previously pointed out, if on the one hand government action is concerned in the
management of cultural institutions, on the other hand, the administrative model has traditionally been one of
direct intervention of public administration by national ministries or regional, provincial and municipal ad hoc
departments.
1.3.2. DATA ON SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS
Table 1: Cultural institutions, by sector and domain
Domain Cultural institutions
(subdomains)
Public
sector
Private
sector
Unspecified
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